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2002:10 Social Context of the Lives of Women Working in Management Positions |
Alena Křížková, Lenka Václavíková Helšusová |
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This sociological study focuses on the situation of women in the Czech Republic with a view
to their employment position.The text is based on a secondary analysis of three data sets
that were compiled over the course of the 1990s as part of a project at the Institute of
Sociology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,and it provides a recapitula-
tion of information gathered earlier on the attitudes and opinions towards the role of women
in society and the role of a career in women's lives,and also on the differences and particu-
larities that characterise the attitudes and strategies of women in management positions in
the context of the whole of the female population.
The analysis offers information on the attitudes women maintain towards two funda-
mental social spheres -the family and work.The chapter entitled The Sphere of Work in the
Lives of Women and Men presents basic answers to questions on the differences relating to
the time devoted to work,to building a career,financial evaluations,and the potential loss of
employment.The chapter entitled The Family and the Household deals primarily with the
relationship between the family and work environments,the financial security of the house-
hold and the way household work is arranged.The study also provides information on the
differences in how leisure time is spent.The conclusion focuses on the issue of equal oppor-
tunities for men and women in society,especially from the perspective of the opportunities
they have for asserting themselves in the work environment.The individual chapters over
the specific aspects of the attitudes of the post-secondary educated segment of the popula-
tion and primarily of the female population in management positions
The study assesses the situation from the perspective of the position of women in soci-
ety on the basis of available data,which were influenced by the original aims of the particu-
lar research studies,but which provide an opportunity to gain a basic view of an entire series
of objectively established circumstances and attitudes among the population,into which the
gender construction of female and male roles is projected.
Summary
This study,The Social Context of the Lives of Women Working in Management Positions (An
analysis of the differences in the life attitudes and opinions of men and women in relation to
their employment position)is part of the first phase of work on the project Life Strategies of
the Czech Entrepreneurial Sphere of the 1990s (supported by a grant from the AS CR
reg.no.B7028201).In this phase the aim was to outline the management environment from
the perspective of gender.Within the overall framework of the task of the project this study
aims at making a qualitative analysis of gender relations and strategies in management posi-
tions.
The study represents a secondary analysis of data acquired from sample surveys of the
Czech population on the subject of the position of men and women on the labour market
and the stratification of society.The goal of this analysis was to reveal the differences in the
attitudes of women in management positions in comparison with the overall female popula-
tion and in comparison with the male population.The opinions and attitudes of the popla-
tion on the position of women in society are significantly influenced by gender stereotypes,
the most complex of which is the gender conflict over the roles of women in the family and
at work.With respect to women in management positions,this conflict is more acute,as the
task of combining the family and work is an equally unavoidable reality for women in man-
agement positions,just as it is in the case of other women who have a family.
The study looks first at the attitude differences in the sphere of work.Here the funda-
mental significance of the character of the management environment emerges clearly,as it
is an environment that,particularly given the conditions it sets,is rather more suited to male
stereotypes.This environment demands and shapes men and women who have confidence
in their abilities and who want to apply them at work,and who refuse to make sacrifices for
their family.Women in management do not have a sense of inequality between the sexes as
much as other women do,or they do not acknowledge doing so.These women are more inde-
pendent and are highly qualified.
The second subject deals with the sphere of the family and family responsibilities and
how these are managed in connection with work and a career.Solving the gender conflict is
stereotypically viewed as an individual problem for women,and women generally place more
emphasis on the family than men do.Women in management positions do not significantly
differ from the overall female population in terms of their emphasis on the family and the
amount of time devoted to the family and the related responsibilities and tasks.This means
that given the greater demands placed on them at work,the issue of combining the family
and work is more complicated for female managers.Women in management positions often
devote their free time to overtime work or furthering their education.In general,however,
women have less free time than men,as a part of this time is devoted to work in the house-
hold and caring for the children.From the perspective of the assessment of equal opportunities for men and women in
society women –like men –in management positions more often deny the existence of
inequality or discriminatory behaviour towards women.Female managers do not want to
acknowledge their disadvantage,which stems in paraticular from the stereotypical notions of
what their ‘lot in life ’ is..This is especially a result of the fact that gender stereotypes are con-
sidered to be genuinely substantiated and justified by the lower competences of women.
Therefore,women in management positions fear that if they were to indicate any sense of
inequality they would automatically be accused of being less capable of performing manage-
ment work as opposed to men.
The attitude of society towards women and their role considerably influences the opini-
nons and very standing of women in management positions.Although through extreme striv-
ing these women work their way up to higher positions of employment they must still face
on a daily basis the evaluations and reactions of society,which perceives them first of all as
women –as weaker persons,less assertive,less capable and quaified,more burdened by fam-
ily tasks and motherhood –rather than as people holding high positions of employment,
which they have usually gained only as a result of much hard work and intense effort.
Keywords
Building a career among women,combining work and the family,gender roles,the standing
of women in management positions,equal opportunities,free-time activities,household work |
Sociální kontext života žen pracujících v řídících pozicích |
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