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2005:02 Political Behavior in Metropolitan Areas in the Czech Republic between 1990 and 2002 – Patterns, Trends and the Relation to Suburbanization and Its Socio-Spatial Patterns |
Tomáš Kostelecký |
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The presented study deals with the political consequences of the suburbanization process in the four largest metropolitan areas in the Czech Republic after 1989. The aggregate socio-economic data on the level of municipalities are used first for the creation of typology of suburban communes. Then the electoral turnout in suburban municipalities is studied in relations to their socio-economic, cultural and geographical features. Finally, the effects of the suburban development for the voting behavior are analyzed. The analyses show that not all features of political behavior of suburban population in the Czech Republic do follow trends observable in the West, but most of relations between socio-economic development and political behavior in suburbs are similar.
Key words
suburbanization, political behavior, participation, party preferences
Summary
The presented study had three aims. First, it attempted to find out whether the socio-economic differences among the various suburban municipalities located in the four largest metropolitan areas in the Czech Republic could be used for identification of the distinguished types of suburbs. The analysis of the data on the level of suburban municipalities proved that such typology could be crated. Moreover, it has been showed that even if the situation in the post-Communist Czech Republic is quite different from that in the most developed industrialized countries (where most of the observations of the suburbanization processes had been conducted so far) the majority of identified types are quite comparable to that found in the most developed countries.
The second aim was to analyze more specifically the electoral turnout in the metropolitan areas. It was shown that the smaller places have higher participation and also that the municipal size is the dominant explanatory factor as far as the political participation is concerned. Analyses also proved that the smaller place, the smaller difference between turnout in national and local elections. The socio-economic hypothesis stating that electoral turnout rise with the increase of the social status can be confirmed on the municipal level only if the size of the municipality is controlled. Multivariate regression analyses that were conducted revealed at least one more potentially important independent factor influencing the level of political participation in the municipality. Turnout tend to increase together with the share of Catholic population and the share of pensioners. Here we present the “voting as religious/civic duty hypothesis” that suggests that some of the variation in electoral participation in metropolitan areas may be connected with the differences in the value structures that may not be related to the processes of metropolization and suburbanization themselves.
The third aim of the paper was to analyze the voting patterns of four most relevant groups of parties – Socially Democratic parties, Christian Democratic parties, Fiscally Conservative parties, and the Communist Party (as a separate category). The results of analyses proved that the development in the Czech Republic metropolises did not differ substantially from that observed in the most developed countries. Rich suburban communes are more Fiscally Conservative than other suburban communes. Municipalities with higher education incline to Fiscal Conservatism as well. Finally, the rising share of self-employed leads to better electoral results of Fiscally Conservative parties. On the other side it has been found that poor suburbs tend to vote more for both traditional Left and New Right. However, homeownership itself was not identified as the relevant factor significantly influencing the voting decisions of the population. Similarly, more distant suburban communities were not found more Fiscally Conservative than the less distant ones. Multivariate regression analyses searching for the most relevant factors underlying the voting patterns in the metropolitan areas showed the relevance other factors, namely the religious affiliation of the population and the share of pensioners
Finally it should be stressed that it is generally much easier to explain the national election voting patterns than the municipal election voting patterns. While the voters in different municipalities choose from the basically same set of political parties in the parliamentary elections (as the electoral system of proportional representation use regional party lists), the “political menu“ at the municipal elections is local. Thus the voting patterns in municipal elections are not influenced too much by the socio-economic and cultural differences among the municipalities (as in the case of parliamentary elections) but rather by the territorially uneven ability of political parties be present at the municipality, to recruit candidates and to take place in the local elections and other factors that cannot be easily analyzed by using the aggregate statistical data about the municipalities.
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Political Behavior in Metropolitan Areas in the Czech Republic between 1990 and 2002 – Patterns, Trends and the Relation to Suburbanization and Its Socio-Spatial Patterns |
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