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2004:2 International Violence Against Women Survey – Czech Republic/2003: Sociological Research on Domestic Violence |
Simona Pikálková (ed.) |
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This study examines the results of the International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS) in the Czech Republic and addresses the wider issues of domestic violence in partner relationships. The first part of the study deals with aspects of domestic violence from a sociological perspective: definitions, methodology, data sources, and international survey experience to date. It provides a summary of the sociological theories that attempt to explain the rise and development of domestic violence and devotes space in particular to feminist theories and the gender perspective, placing the issue within a broader context. This part also includes a chapter on the history of research into domestic violence in the Czech Republic. The second part of the study examines the results of the IVAWS, a study that involved the participation of twenty countries from around the world and was conducted in the Czech Republic from May to June 2003. In this part, individual chapters focus on the incidence and frequency of acts of physical and sexual assault on women, both in and outside a partner relationship, the typical profiles of violent incidents occurring in and outside a partner relationship, and the subjective perception and assessment of violent assault in the eyes of victims’ children. A part of the study also examines police cooperation and satisfaction with their involvement. A separate chapter focuses on the issue of psychological abuse and its related aspects. The concluding part of the study contains an analysis of the factors that contribute to or, conversely, lessen the risk of victimisation of women, with an analysis of their characteristics and those of their partners. The assessment of the survey results also contains a qualitative analysis of several open questions addressed to victims of violence, which were included at the end of the questionnaire.
Keywords
violence, family, violence in the family, violence against women, violence in partner relationships, domestic violence
Summary
The results of the International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS) constitute a significant contribution to the sociological discussion on the issue of domestic violence, both on an international scale, and within the Czech Republic, where the subject has long been one of marginal interest to sociologists. This survey – to date the largest such survey in the country – provides an important and essential foundation for pursuing research on the sociological aspects of domestic violence and for making quantitative and qualitative assessments of trends relating to this issue.
The study contains two main parts, followed by two appendices. The first part focuses on the theoretical background to the study of violence in the family as a sociological issue, with an emphasis on the main theoretical approaches that attempt to address this issue. The second and main part is devoted to the international survey itself – its objectives, methodology, and particularly its results. This part also includes a qualitative in-depth study that was conducted in an effort to reveal specific aspects of the experience of domestic violence that could not be detected in a purely quantitative survey. The in-depth study was based on an analysis of responses to several open questions for victims of domestic violence inserted at the end of the survey questionnaire. In order to provide a comprehensive profile of the issue the study is concluded with two appendices, one of which comprises legal studies relating to legislative aspects of the issue of domestic violence in the Czech Republic (Appendix 1), and the other offers important observations and insights drawn from the specifically designed training for interviewees that preceded the survey (Appendix 2).
The main objective of the survey was to determine the incidence of various forms of violent physical and sexual assault on women by men. The results of the analysis in the Czech Republic indicated a generally high level of victimisation of women, both within intimate partner relationships, and outside relationships. A total of 59% of respondents reported having experienced at least one form of assault (according to a pre-defined typology of violent assault) during their lives, which represents the majority of the studied population of women. Roughly 38% of women had experienced physical or sexual violence from their partner (current or former husband or boyfriend) and almost the same proportion (37%) from a man other than their partner.
The survey drew attention to the often overlooked fact that violence against women is on the whole considerably more frequent in intimate partner relationships than in the context of relationships with other men. The research showed that, with the exception of sexual violence, light forms and more serious forms of physical assault occurred more often within a partner relationship than in the case where the attacker was a stranger. The main proportion of assaults committed by men other than women’s partners came from male strangers and male friends and acquaintances and to in the majority of cases involved sexual assault.
The results show that it is violence committed in a partner relationship that occurs most frequently, more so than “external” violence, and it is characterised by more aggressive forms of assault, leads to the more serious consequences of physical injury and lasting psychological effects. Violence in intimate partner relationships has a specific character, which stems to a considerable degree from the gendered power hierarchy within a partnership.
The data also indicate that the utilisation of external intervention (police work, non-governmental organisations) to deal with cases of domestic violence is unsatisfactory in terms of the role it should play in this area. Among victims of assault there is a predominant sense of distrust towards the work of the police, signalised by the low proportion of women who even report an incidence of assault at all. The main reasons for not reporting an assault to the police relate to the risk of secondary victimisation of women during the course of the investigation, especially if the violence is occurring within a family. One of the reasons indicated most frequently is the lack of confidence in the interest of the police in actually solving cases of this nature. The data indicate that for women a violent experience is something they are more likely to confide in friends or family members about rather than talking to professionals (such as the police, but also marriage counsellors, psychologists, doctors, etc.). One alarming fact is that around one-quarter of all women who had experienced some form of assault did not speak about their violent experience or experiences with anyone at all.
The survey gathered valuable information with regard to social determinants of victimisation. (At present only a simple descriptive analysis has been attempted; further research plans to utilise methods of multi-dimensional analysis in order to attain more specific results). Even though violence can generally be found in all social strata, the research shows that in a relationship those primarily at risk are women from a more negative social environment, especially where there is unemployment. Similar observations surfaced when the social environment of the partners of women most at risk were examined: factors that considerably increase the risk of a violent experience include the partner’s low level of education, a different ethnic affiliation, and unemployment. In the case of “external” assault the most significant factor is age: in this case young women are the highest risk group. A factor that increases the risk of violence both in a partner relationship and outside a relationship is the experience of violence in the family during childhood. A negative family background proved to be a highly significant factor especially among respondents’ partners. As studies around the world have also shown, physical violence in partner relationships is often accompanied by psychological abuse. The analyses in the study also demonstrated that direct violent assaults are combined with more frequent verbal abuse and humiliation of the victim; this involves an entire range of forms of psychological abuse, especially, for example, accusations of infidelity and manifestations of jealousy in general, but it is also expressed in other directions, for example, through the destruction of shared property.
The International Violence Against Women Survey contributed significantly to identifying important aspects of the issue of violence against women, and it represents a complex tool for addressing the questions and grey areas that continually surface in this field. It is expected that a future comparison of the results between the participating countries will provide even more precise bases for assessing trends associated with this issue.
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Mezinárodní výzkum násilí na ženách – ČR/2003: příspěvek k sociologickému zkoumání násilí v rodině |
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2007:10 Participation and Partnership in Local Public Administration |
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2004:4 Structural Tensions in the Interface between the Labour Market and Social Policy in the Czech Republic |
2004:3 Metropolitan Areas in the Czech Republic – Definitions, Basic Characteristics, Patterns of Suburbanisation and Their Impact on Political Behaviour |
2004:2 International Violence Against Women Survey – Czech Republic/2003: Sociological Research on Domestic Violence |
2004:1 Elections to the European Parliament in 2004 – An Analysis of Electoral Participation and Party Support in the Czech Republic |
2003:12 Hierarchy as a Strength and Weakness of Communist Rule |
2003:11 How the Czech Public Views the Elites the Political and Economic Elites |
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2003:9 Women’s Civic and Political Participation in the Czech Republic and the Role of European Union Gender Equality and Accession Policies |
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2000:01 The Housing Policy Changes and Housing Expenditures in the Czech Republic |
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1998:04 |
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1995:08 Česká republika v roce 1994. Politická ročenka |
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1995:06 Industriální vztahy a sociálně politické orientace českých dělníků a manažerů |
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1994:06 Prostředky kauzálního modelování v sociologii. Shrnující pojednání o postupech a přehled základních pojmů |
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1994:04 A Historical Comparison of Social Structures in the Czech Republic in 1984 and 1993 |
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1994:01 Lotus Organizátor. Uživatelská příručka |
1993:09 Sociální a mzdové problémy zaměstnanců malých a středních soukromých podniků |
1993:08 Sociální postavení rodiny jako základního činitele a adresáta sociální pomoci |
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1993:04 Revolution for Whom? Analysis of selected patterns of intragenerational mobility in the Czech Republic |
1993:03 RODINA ´89. Determinanty ekonomického úspěchu v první fázi postkomunistické transformace. Česká republika 1989-1992 |
1993:02 RODINA '89. Determinanty ekonomického úspěchu v první fázi post-komunistické transformace. Česká republika 1989-1992 |
1993:01 Microsoft Word verze 5.5. Uživatelská příručka |
1992:09 Historical Comparison of Social Stratification Types in Czechoslovakia 1967-1991 |
1992:08 Rodina '89. Úloha mentálních schopností a sociálního původu ve formování vzdělanostních aspirací |
1992:07 The Zero Generation of Small Business Owners in Czechoslovakia |
1992:06 Time Use of Small Business Owners. Results and Methodological Comments |
1992:05 Perception of Changing Inequality in Czechoslovakia |
1992:04 Vybrané kapitoly z uživatelské příručky Microsoft Word verze 5.0 |
1992:03 Politické strany a hnutí v Československu |
1992:02 Politische Partien und Bewegungen in der Tschechoslowakei |
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1991:09 Vybrané kapitoly z uživatelské příručky Microsoft Word verze 5.0 |
1991:08 Nultá podnikatelská generace |
1991:07 Rodina '89. Zdroje vzdělanostních nerovností |
1991:06 Hodnotové orientace československé mužské mládeže a jejich vztah k obraně vlasti |
1991:05 Gender and the Employment of Higher Education Graduates in Czechoslovakia |
1991:04 Územní vztahy, územní a státoprávní uspořádání České republiky v názorech obyvatel |
1991:03 Social Problems of Participation in the Changing Czechoslovak Economy |
1991:02 K postavení žen v československé společnosti |
1991:01 Socialist Czechoslovakia - System Error and Premises for Change |
1990:06 Názory na rozvoj soukromého podnikání |
1990:05 Growing interest in informal work - consequences for time use research. XIIth World Congress of Sociology, Madrid 1990, Thematic Group 1, Time Use Research |
1990:04 Value-satisfaction Model and the Value of Innovation |
1990:03 Who Gains and Who Loses in a Socialist Redistribution |
1990:02 Ženy a volby '90 |
1990:01 Beyond Educational Inequality in Czechoslovakia |
1989:02 Československá varianta Mezinárodní standardní klasifikace zaměstnání (ISCO) |
1989:01 Family Effect on Educational Attainment in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the Netherlands |
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