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2002:01 The Rise and Evolution of the New Elites in the Czech Republic (from the end of the 1980´s to the spring of 2002) |
Pavel Machonin, Milan Tuček |
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The study summarizes the results of the authors ’nearly decade-long effort (related to the
study of the post-socialist transformation of Czech society)to gain an empirical and theo-
retical knowledge of the process of how social elites are created and consolidated. Social
elites are understood primarily as the foremost stratification groupings, which enter into
complicated interactions with the social system, its economic and political institutional
structures, as well as the sphere of culture and its structures.They include political-adminis-
trative, economic,and cultural-ideological elites. By re-telling the history of the creation and
de elopment of these three elites between 1989 and 2002 (including a brief o erview con-
cerning the origin of the post-socialist elites during the period of state-run socialism), and
through a systematic presentation of the authors ’own findings and other resources, the
authors ha e created a foundation which provides the basis for the testing of the main cur-
rent theories pertaining to the history and internal structuring of elites (Szelényi et al. and
Higley et al.). The main conclusion is that the schemes resulting from these theories may be
used for interpretation and, by extrapolating the features common to the post-socialist expe-
rience, these theories may be used as a basis for ideal-type models capturing a diverse social
reality. The schemes generated from these theories, however, may not be used to predict
future developments.
Summary
The study summarizes the results of the authors ’nearly decade-long effort (related to the
study of the post-socialist transformation of Czech society)to gain an empirical and theoreti-
cal knowledge of the process of how social elites are created and consolidated.Social elites
are understood primarily as the foremost stratification groupings,which enter into compli-
cated interactions with the social system,its economic and political institutional structures,as
well as the sphere of culture and its structures.They include political-administrative,eco-
nomic,and cultural-ideological elites.By re-telling the history of the creation and de elopment
of these three elites between 1989 and 2002 (including a brief o erview concerning the origin
of the post-socialist elites during the period of state-run socialism),and through a systematic
presentation of the authors ’own findings and other resources,the authors ha e created
a foundation which provides the basis for the testing of the main current theories pertaining
to the history and internal structuring of elites (Szelényi et al. and Higley et al.).The main
conclusion is that the schemes resulting from these theories may be used for interpretation
and, by extrapolating the features common to the post-socialist experience,these theories may
be used as a basis for ideal-type models capturing a diverse social reality.The schemes gener-
ated from these theories,howe er,may not be used to predict future de elopments.
The findings of the study may be summarized as follows:The study intended to answer
two questions. The first concerned the history of the new elite in the process of transforma-
tion; the second concerned the de elopment of the elite ’s internal structuring.In connection
with the first question,there were three hypotheses under consideration about how new elites
were created: through reproduction, circulation,or the replacement of the old elites in their
entirety with new elites. It is not possible on the basis of the Czech data to indisputably pro e
or dispro e any of these hypotheses. The tendency toward both continuity (the “natural ”
reproduction of the former social structure, including the composition of elites)and discon-
tinuity (with allowances made for individuals and families returning to traditional family
lives)co-exist as actual social phenomena e en in the post-socialist history of the Czech
Republic.The degree and quality of the applicability of these two tendencies takes a specif-
ic form,depending on the particular segment of the social elites.
The new political elite, established in rapidly successive and thus outwardly ery radi-
cal steps, was completely unlike the former totalitarian elite, and once again (building upon
the pre-war experience)the new political elite established the tradition of a pluralistic par-
liamentary democracy. The time that had elapsed since then, however, made it impossible to
take full advantage of individual and family traditions in the specific sense of the term “cir-
culation ”. Principally,political, and especially power elites have been created through a sin-
gle one-time exchange –replacement.
In the sphere of culture,the joint effects of the tendencies toward reproduction and the
circulation of elites have resulted in a combination of continuity and discontinuity. As for the de elopment of the internal structuring of political elites,the schematic pre-
sumption of linear de elopment from democratization to consolidation of democracy has
not been confirmed,and the same is true of the related movement along the line divided –
fragmented –consensually unified elite.On the contrary, there was confirmation of the pre-
sumption that there is a mo ement that combines the process of the survival of a divided elite
(in relation to the communist ersus the other political powers), the process of extraordinary
fragmentation, and e en developments leading toward new divisions (at certain phases of
de elopment, ODS and ČSSD versus 4Coalition and their supporters)and consensual uni-
fication. However, when this happens it is with extraordinary difficulty and with many inter-
ruptions. We can assume that the experience that has been accumulated thus far,and the
gradual generational exchange of political representatives,the generational exchange of the
economic and cultural elites, along with the necessity of addressing new problems related to
modernization,“Europeanization ” and globalization, could result in these processes being
conducted more rationally.
In any case, the analysis presented in the study re eals great gaps in the knowledge of
both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Czech elites at the beginning of the
21 st century, and thus highlights the necessity of continuing the intensive study of elites that
occurred in the mid-90s.
Key words
Elites: social, political, economic, cultural; their genesis; post-socialist transformation; repro-
duction, circulation,replacement; elites: divided, fragmented, consensual, unified |
Zrod a další vývoj nových elit v České republice (od konce osmdesátých let 20. století do jara 2002) |
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