The projects involve synthesis of polymer-based supports and study of their chemical structure, morphology, and application.
In the 1970's, I started with the synthesis of bead macroporous copolymers based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate. The copolymers and their derivatives found application as chromatographic separation media (size exclusion, adsorption, and ion chromatography), phase transfer and acid-base catalysts, sorbents of acid gases and organic compounds (in particular phenols). At the same time, bead cellulose and its ion exchange derivatives were synthesized. Bead cellulose found application in immobilization and separation of biologically active compounds such as enzymes, antigens and cells.
Temperature behavior and physical properties of methacrylate copolymers were studied and globular model of the porous structure developed. Surface properties and pore size distribution were characterized by gas chromatography and size exclusion chromatography in the inverse mode.
In the 1980's the methacrylate copolymers were prepared in the form of membranes. Heterogeneous membranes based on adsorbents with polymeric binder were tested for separation of gases.
In the 1990's, I studied the synthesis and application of hypercrosslinked copolymers and superabsorbents, the advantage of which consists in high sorption of organic compounds from water or gas.
Recently, I am interested in tailor-made high-tech separation media and catalysts synthesized by molecular imprinting.
More information can be obtained in the following papers.
J. Peška, J. Štamberg, and J. Hradil, Chemical Transformation of Polymers XIX. Ion Exchange Derivatives of Bead Cellulose, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 66, 73-93, 1976.
J. Peška, J. Štamberg, J. Hradil, and M. Ilavský, Cellulose in Bead Form. Properties Related to Chromatographic Uses, J. Chromatogr., 125, 455-469, 1976.
J. Hradil, Materials for chromatography: DEAE- and CM-Cellulose in bead form (in Czech), Imunologický Zpravodaj, 10, 31-34, 1979.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Inversion of Sucrose in a Continuous Process with ß-D-Fructofuranosidase Immobilized on Bead DEAHP-Cellulose, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 3, 336-340, 1981.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Inversion of Sucrose with ß-D-Fructofuranosidase Immobilized on Bead DEAHP-Cellulose: Batch Process, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 96, 69-84, 1981.
L.I. Dernovaya, J.A. Eltekov, J. Hradil, and F. Švec, Adsorption of Organic Compounds on Surface of Spheric Cellulose (in Russian), Zh. Fiz. Khim., 64, 993-999, 1990.
L.I. Dernovaya, Y.A. Eltekov, J. Hradil, and F. Švec, Estimation of Cellulose Polarity by Gas-Chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 552, 365-370, 1991.
V.V. Nakhapetyan, L.I. Motina, F. Švec, J. Hradil, I.V. Korobkov, M.P. Khusainov, and V.P. Kyznetsov, Immunoadsorbents Based on Bead Cellulose for Isolation and Purification of Biopolymers (in Russian), Zh. Fiz. Khim., 65, 2713-2716, 1991.
J. Lukáš, J. Hradil, J. Kálal, and J. Čoupek, Polar Macroporous Sorbents for Gas Chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 48, 335-344, 1975.
J. Švec, J. Hradil, J. Kálal, and J. Čoupek, Reactive Polymers I. Macroporous Methacrylate Copolymers Containing Epoxy Groups, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 48, 135-143, 1975.
J. Hradil, Investigation of the Structure of Polymers by Chromatographic Methods II. Macroporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylates), J. Chromatogr., 144, 63-68, 1977.
E. Žůrková, J. Hradil, J. Mrázek, E. Votavová, and J. Kálal, Reactive Polymers XII. Macroporous Copolymers Containing Aldehyde Groups, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 66, 75-93, 1978.
F. Švec, J. Labský, L. Lanyová, J. Hradil, S. Pokorný, and J. Kálal, Reactive Polymers XXX. The Synthesis of 2-Hydroxypropyl Dimethacrylate in a Mixture with Glycidylmethacrylate and their Copolymerization to Macroporous Product, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 90, 47-55, 1980.
J. Hradil, Contribution to Study of Submicroscopic Structure of Macroporous Copolymers. Calculation of Size of Submicroscopic Particles and Pores from Values of Specific Pore Volumes and Specific Surface Area, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 66, 51-66, 1978.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Reactive Polymers 49. Changes in the Porous Structure of Macroporous Copolymers Due to Succesive Effects of Solvents and Temperature, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 130, 81-91, 1985.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Reactive Polymers 51. The Temperature Behaviour of Macroporous Methacrylate Sorbents, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 135, 85, 1985.
J. Hradil, H. Pivcová, J. Spěváček, and F. Švec, Characterization of Methacrylate Copolymers with Strong-Acid or Base Groups Using 1H NMR Spectra, React. Polym., 9, 51-58, 1988.
L.D. Belyakova, N.P. Platonova, T.I. Shevchenko, F. Švec, and J. Hradil, Surface Chemistry of Methacrylate Polymeric Sorbents: Chromatography and Adsorption, Pure Appl. Chem., 61, 1889-1896, 1989.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, N.P. Platonova, L.D. Belyakova, and V. Maroušek, Gas Chromatographic and Sorption Properties of Macroporous Methacrylate Copolymers, J. Chromatogr., 469, 143-152, 1989.
J. Hradil, Č. Koňák, and F. Švec, Reactive Polymers 59. An Investigation of Labelled Glycidyl Methacrylate - Ethylene Dimethacrylate Copolymers by a Fluorescence Technique, React. Polym., 11, 147-153, 1989.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, E. Votavová, M. Bleha, Z. Pelzbauer, and J. Brych, Rearrangement of the Porous Structure of Macroporous, Copolymers, Polymer, 33, 1731-1738, 1992.
J. Hradil, Mechanism of Interaction of Organic Compounds with Polymeric Adsorbents, In: Physical Adsorption: Experiment, Theory and Applications, Eds. J. Fraissard and C. W. Conner, NATO ASI Series C, Vol. 491, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1997, pp. 591-598.
J. Hradil, M. Křiváková, P. Starý, and J. Čoupek, Chromatograhic Properties of Macroporous Copolymers of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Ethylene Dimethacrylate, J. Chromatogr., 79, 99-105, 1973.
J. Hradil and J. Lukáš, Effect of the Internal Structure of Macroporous Polymers on their Chromatographic Properties, J. Chromatogr., 172, 85-92, 1979.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, A.A. Aratskova, L.D. Belyakova, V.I. Orlov, and Y.I. Yashin, Ion Chromatography on Methacrylate Ion Exchangers, J. Chromatogr., 475, 209-217, 1989.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, A.A. Aratskova, L.D. Belyakova, and V.I. Orlov, Separation of Cations Using Methacrylate-Based Low-Capacity Cation Exchangers, J. Chromatogr., 509, 369-376, 1990.
V.V. Azanova, J. Hradil, G. Sytov, E.P. Panarin, and F. Švec, Macroporous Membranes 2. 2,3-Epoxypropyl Methacrylate - Styrene -Ethylene Dimethacrylate Macroporous Membranes Bearing Strong Acid Groups, React. Polym., 161, 1-8, 1991.
J. Hradil, M. Jelínková, M. Ilavský, and F. Švec, Macroporous Membranes 3. Properties of Macroporous Membranes Synthesized from Glycidyl Methacrylate, Ethylene Dimethacrylate and Alkyl or Hydroxyalkyl Methacrylate, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 185/186, 275-282, 1991.
J. Hradil, V.I. Orlov, A.A. Aratskova, V.Y. Semeniy, and Y.I. Yashin, Ion-Pair Chromatography of Cations on Methacrylate Copolymers (in Russian), Zh. Fiz. Khim., 65, 2823-2828, 1991.
J. Hradil, V.V. Azanova, M. Ilavský, and F. Švec, Macroporous Membranes 4. Synthesis and Properties of Poly[(2,3-Epoxypropyl Methacrylate)-co-(N-Vinyl-2- Pyrrolidone)-co-(Ethylene Dimethacrylate)] Membranes, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 205, 141-149, 1993.
D. Horák, J. Hradil, and M.J. Beneš, Packings for Size Exclusion Chromatography: Preparation and Some Properties, In: Strategies in Size Exclusion Chromatography, Eds. M. Potschka and P. L. Dubin, ACS Symposium Series 635, Washington D.C. 1996, pp. 190-210.
V. Krystl, J. Hradil, B. Bernauer, and M. Kočiřík, Heterogeneous Membranes Based on Zeolites for Separation of Small Molecules, React. Funct. Polym., 48, 129-139, 2001.
J. Hradil, M. Wojaczynska, F. Švec, and B. N. Kolarz, Sorption of Phenols on Macroporous Methacrylate Copolymers Containing Ethyleneamine Groups, React. Polym., 4, 277-283, 1986.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, V.V. Podlesnyuk, R.M. Marutovskii, and N.A. Klimenko, Sorption and Desorption of Organic Compounds by Synthetic Polymeric Sorbents, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Dev., 30, 1926-1931, 1991.
V.V. Podlesnyuk, J. Hradil, R.M. Marutovskii, N.A. Klimenko, and L.E. Fridman, Sorption of Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions by Glycidyl Methacrylate-Styrene-Ethylene Dimethacrylate Terpolymers, React. Funct. Polym., 33, 275-288, 1997.
J. Hradil, M.J. Beneš, and Z. Plichta, Contribution on Interaction of Phenolic Compounds with Polymeric Adsorbents, React. Polym., 44, 259-272, 2000.
C.M.A. Riberio, J. Hradil, F. Švec, and J. Kálal, Reactive Polymers XXVIII. Modification of Hydrolyzed Glycidylmethacrylate-Ethylene Dimethacrylate Copolymer by Propane Sultone, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 87, 119-126, 1980.
L.D. Belyakova, A.V. Kiselev, N.P. Platonova, J. Kálal, F. Švec, and J. Hradil, Reactive Polymers 38. Sorption of Acid Gases on Macroporous 2,3-Epoxypropyl Methacrylate Copolymers Modified by a Reaction with Amines, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 96, 69-84, 1981.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, J. Kálal, L.D. Belyakova, A.V. Kiselev, N.P. Platonova, and T.I. Shevchenko, Reactive Polymers 44. Sorption of Gases on Macroporous 2,3-Epoxypropyl Methacrylate Copolymers Modified with Amino Groups of Various Structure, React. Polym.,1, 59-65, 1982.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Reactive Polymers 54. Synthesis of Methacrylate Copolymers with Tributylammonium Groups, Polym. Bull., 14, 265-270, 1985.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Reactive Polymers 48. Synthesis of Polymeric Sorbents with Carboxylic Groups by Chemical Reactions of the Copolymer Dihydroxypropyl Methacrylate - Ethylene Dimethacrylate, React. Polym. 3, 91-99, 1985.
V.V. Azanova, J. Hradil, F. Švec, and Z. Pelzbauer, Reactive Polymers 60. Glycidyl Methacrylate-Styrene-Ethylene Dimethacrylate Terpolymers Modified with Strong-Acid Groups, React. Polym., 12, 247-260, 1990.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Reactive Polymers 61. Synthesis of Strongly Basic Anion Exchange Methacrylate Resins, React. Polym., 13, 43-53, 1990.
J. Hradil, E. Králová, and M.J. Beneš, Methacrylate Anion-Exchangers with Enhanced Affinity for Nitrates, React. Funct. Polym., 33, 263-273, 1997.
J. Hradil, D. Horák, Z. Pelzbauer, E. Votavová, F. Švec, and J. Kálal, Investigation of the Surface Structure of Polymers by Chromatographic Methods V. Use of Gel Permeation Chromatography in the Study of the Porous Structure of Copolymers of Glycidyl Methacrylate, J. Chromatogr., 259, 269-282, 1983.
T.G. Andronikashvili, N.M. Gogitidze, J. Hradil, and F. Švec, Peculliarities of Chromatographic Elution of C1 - C5 Alcohols on Cation Exchange Polymers (in Russian), Izv. Akad. Nauk GrSSR, Ser. Khim., 10, 67-69, 1984.
T.G. Andronikashvili, N.M. Gogitidze, J. Hradil, and F. Švec, Solute - Sorbent Interactions of Macroporous Methacrylate Ion Exchangers and Application of these Sorbents in Gas - Solid Chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 291, 103-109, 1984.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Investigation of the Surface Structure of Polymers by Chromatographic Methods VI. Determination of Glass Transition Temperature of Macroporus Copolymers by Gas Chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 287, 67-76, 1984.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, N.M. Gogitidze, and T.G. Andronikashvili, Gas Chromatographic Solute-Sorbent Interactions on Macroporous Methacrylate Ion Exchangers, J. Chromatogr., 324, 277-283, 1985.
J. Hradil, Investigation of Polymers by Methods of Inversion Gas Chromatography (in Czech), Chem. Listy, 80, 506-519, 1986.
K. Jeřábek, K. Setínek, J. Hradil, and F. Švec, An Investigation of the Morfology of Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymers using Inverse Size - Exclusion Chromatography, React. Polym., 5, 151-156, 1987.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, N.D. Kakriashvili, M.N. Gogitidze, and T.G. Andronikashvili, Solute-Solvent Interaction of Macroporous Methacrylate Ion Exchangers in Salt Form Studied by Gas Chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 462, 61-69, 1989.
M. Ousalem, X.X. Zhu, and J. Hradil, Evaluation of New Porous Polymer Resins as Column Packing Materials in Inverse Size Exclusion Chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 903, 13-19, 2000.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Reactive Polymers 43. Reaction of Hydrolyzed Copoly(Glycidyl Methacrylate - Ethylene Dimethacrylate) with Propane Sultone in the Presence of Phase Transfer Catalyst, Polym. Bull., 6, 565-570, 1982.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Phase Transfer Catalysis 1. Contribution to the Investigation of the Reaction between Phenol and n-Butyl Bromide, Polym. Bull., 10, 14-20, 1983.
J. Hradil and F. Švec, Phase Transfer Catalysis 2. The Reaction between Phenol and n-Butyl Bromide Catalyzed by Polyethyleneglycols Fixed on Macroporous Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymers, Polym. Bull., 11, 159-164, 1984.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, and J.M.J. Fréchet, Mechanism of Phase-Transfer Catalysis Using Glycidyl Methacrylate - Ethylene Dimethacrylate Copolymers Modified with Tributyl Ammonium Groups in Nucleophilic Displacement Reaction, Polymer, 28, 1593-1598, 1987.
F. Švec, J. Kahovec, and J. Hradil, Polymeric Phase-Transfer Catalysts, Chem. Listy, 81, 183-204, 1987.
J. Hradil, F. Švec, Č. Koňák, and K. Jurek, Phase - Transfer Catalysis IV. Localization of Reaction Sites in Supported Catalysis, React. Polym., 9, 81-89, 1988.
A. Trochimczuk, J. Hradil, B.N. Kolarz, and F. Švec, The Amine Modified Acrylonitrile - Divinylbenzene Copolymers in the Phase Transfer Catalysis, Polym. Bull., 20, 149-152, 1988.
K. Setínek, J. Blažek, J. Hradil, F. Švec, and J. Kálal, Reactive Polymers XLII. Catalytic Activity of Macroporous Methacrylate Copolymers Containing Sulphopropyl Groups in Reesterification of Ethyl Acetate by 1-Propanol, J. Catal., 80, 123-129, 1983.
A. Trochimczuk, J. Hradil, B.N. Kolarz, and F. Švec, The Amine Modified Acrylic Copolymers as Catalysts in the Reaction of Octylbromide with Sodium Cyanide, Polym. Bull., 33, 51-57, 1994.
A.G. Strikovsky, D. Kasper, M. Grün, J. Hradil, B.S. Green, and G. Wulff, Catalytic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Using Coventional Bulk Polymerization or Suspension Polymerization: Selective Hydrolysis of Diphenyl Carbonate and Diphenyl Carbamate, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 6295-6296, 2000.
J. Hradil and E. Králová, Styrene-Divinylbenzene Copolymers Post-Crosslinked with Tetrachloromethane, Polymer, 39, 6041-6048, 1998.
V.V. Azanova and J. Hradil, Sorption Properties of Macroporous and Hypercrosslinked Copolymers, React. Funct. Polym., 41, 163-175, 1999.
V.V. Podlesnyuk and J. Hradil, Sorption of Organic Vapors by Macroporous and Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Adsorbents, React. Funct. Polym., 42, 181-191, 1999.
J. Hradil, Method for Preparation of Permanently Porous and Functionalized Copolymers of Styrene. Czech Patent Appl. PV 130-94.
J. Hradil, and M. Raab, Method for Preparation of Polymer Beads with Enhanced Sorption of Non-Polar or Low-Polar Organic Compounds, Czech Patent Appl. PV 2000-482.
A.G. Strikovsky, D. Kasper, M. Grün, J. Hradil, B.S. Green, and G. Wulff, Catalytic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Using Coventional Bulk Polymerization or Suspension Polymerization: Selective Hydrolysis of Diphenyl Carbonate and Diphenyl Carbamate, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 6295-6296, 2000.
