INHALT
Gerhard Banse, Monika Bartiková:
Einführung                                           5
Pavel Baran:
Begrüßung                                         19
Adolf Filáček:
Opening                                         21
Gerhard Zecha:
Rationalität – Moralität – Prozeduralität: Verbindungen und Brüche      23
Ladislav Tondl:
Rationalität  und  die  Integration  der  Kenntnisse                 33
Gerhard Banse:
Gelingende Integration unterschiedlicher Rationalitäten?             47
Timo Airaksinen:
The Strange Rationality of Needs and Desires                      69
Otto Neumaier:
Kommunikation zwischen Wissenschaften und Künsten                 83
Pavel Materna:
Prozeduralität und Bedeutung                              99
Urszula Żydek-Bednarczuk:
Prozeduralität in linguistischer Hinsicht                         113
Waldemar Czajkowski:
Husserl, Hilbert, Rawls and Procedural Rationality                 127
Hans-Joachim Petsche:
Prozeduralität der Rationalität. Vier paradigmatische Modellfälle         141
Nicanor Ursua:
Ist der Konkurrenzkampf der einzige Entwicklungsfaktor der Wissenschaft
und Technologie? Moralische, soziale und kulturelle Werte            161
als rationale Grundlage eines neuen Sozialvertrages für die Globalisierungsgesellschaft
Armin Grunwald:
Prozedural orientierte Technikfolgenabschätzung zur Steigerung gesellschaftlicher Entscheidungsrationalität in Wissenschafts- und Technikfragen            175
Andrzej Kiepas:
TA als prozedurale Konfliktvermeidung im Prozess
der Technikentwicklung                                197
Petr Machleidt:
Vergleich methodologischer Zugänge in der Technikphilosophie        211
Daniela Fobelová, Pavel Fobel:
Rationalität im ethischen Entscheidungsprozess                    219
Heinrich Ganthaler:
Ein deontologisch-teleologisches Modell
ethischer Entscheidungsfindung                            235
Alexander Bogner, Wolfgang Menz:
Welche Rationalität durch Verfahren?
Die Organisation von bioethischer Expertise                    245
Monika Bartíková, Wendy Drozenová:
Prozedurale Aspekte der Implementierung
von Ethik in die Wissenschafspolitik                        265
RATIONALITÄT,  MORALITÄT,  PROZEDURALITÄT:
VERBINDUNGEN  UND  BRÜCHE
Gerhard Zecha

Summary
Looking back at the two preceding conferences on rationality, i.e. „Rationality: Its Concepts, Changes, and Images“, Ustrón, Poland 2001, and „Rationality and Applied Ethics“ in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, 2003, it seems wothwhile to take up the continuing line of thought and bring it into this conference at Prague on „Rationality and Procedurality“ in 2005. The amazing variety of rationality concepts seems to throw a particular light on procedures which reveal or help to discover specific features of reality. Rationality understood as a mere functioni of human reasoning would be a misunderstanding. It needs to be complemented, for example, by „faith, hope and charity“ (suggested by Siegfried Wollgast). How such a demand and similar suggestions can be methodologically translated, i.e. transformed into adequate methods of thinking, disputing and conceiving of the wealth of reality, should be left to closer examination at the 2005 meeting in Prague.


RATIONALITÄT  UND  DIE  INTEGRATION  DER  KENNTNISSE
Ladislav Tondl

Summary
If we want to term a chosen decision or a particular orientation of our acting as the result of our competent and careful consideration, we call it “rational”. However, if we ask the “ratio-experts”, what this term means exactly, we will get different answers. The wide spectrum of the meanings, which is possible to verify in texts of classic Latin, gives us broad opportunities to assign the attribute “rational” to different types of entities.


GELINGENDE  INTEGRATION  UNTERSCHIEDLICHER RATIONALITÄTEN?
Gerhard Banse

Summary
In reflections within the field of technology assessment and in public debates on technology or controversies of politics of technology, it is supposed often, that there is an “integration” of different rationalities (for instance as “consensus” or “balance”). But the “how” of this process is frequently unsolved or not questioned. It will be supposed in a tacit manner. This process is an increasing, gradual “contextualisation” of universal (“de-contextualised”) procedures. In the centre of this text, two steps of this “contextualization” were discussed: dialogue and the weigh of goods (“Güterabwägung”).


THE  STRANGE  RATIONALITY  OF  NEEDS  AND  DESIRES
Timo Airaksinen

Summary
This paper contrasts the Western liberal notion of happiness to the Eastern Buddhist notion. The latter one says that a person always is and must remain unhappy because of his/her desires. Desires can never be satisfied. What one desires is never what one actually gets. Desires are idealized narratives, but the prima facie object of desire is just a fact. I follow the logic of this thesis and argue that not only is maximization impossible, but the idea of procedural rationality is in trouble as well. Two procedural strategies exist: self-deception and surrendering one’s wants. The first strategy contains self-deception proper, denial, and compensation. Their role makes irrationality a rational procedure because it makes us happy. This presupposes two different notions of rationality. The second strategy is a Buddhist one. If you do not want anything, you are never disappointed. This gives you peace of mind.


KOMMUNIKATION  ZWISCHEN  WISSENSCHAFTEN  UND KÜNSTEN
Otto Neumaier

Summary
The various forms of science and art have in common that they are means of expressing human creativity. On the other hand, they are regarded to have quite different preconditions, properties and goals. For instance, striving for truth is seen as a matter of science, whereas art is assumed to deal with beauty. This opposition cannot do justice to either of these areas and disregards possibilities of how they can contribute to reaching both goals. In order to realize these possibilities, it is necessary to investigate how science and art can communicate more with each other (again), but also, whether this dialogue is limited in certain respects.


PROZEDURALITÄT  UND  BEDEUTUNG
Pavel Materna

Summary
A successful communication presupposes that the participants understand one another. The factor responsible for understanding is called meaning or (Fregean) sense. The meaning of an expression cannot be a set-theoretical entity: it has to be an abstract procedure. It is shown that constructions as defined in transparent intensional logic can play this role. Some examples of unsuccessful dialogues are adduced and the reasons of their failure is explained in terms of procedurally conceived meanings.


PROZEDURALITÄT  IN  LINGUISTISCHER  HINSICHT
Urszula Żydek Bednarczuk

Summary
This paper includes three main theses concerning rationality and procedurality in the perspective of linguistics. They refer to semantics of the concepts included into fuzzy significations with blurred boundaries, which are the matter of degree. The second point is the use of rationality as procedurality in such approaches as structuralism, generativism, pragmatism and cognitivism. The third point is connected with the whole semantic field of synonyms concerning procedurality in linguistics including lexemes as schema, relation, system, subsystem, organization, principle, rule, procedure, stereotype, scene.


HUSSERL,  HILBERT,  RAWLS,  AND  PROCEDURAL RATIONALITY
Waldemar Czajkowski

Summary
(Collective) moral responsibility presupposes (collective) rationality. And subject’s knowledge plays important role in his rationality. But if the subject is collective, the question arises: how its knowledge is to be defined? To follow some procedures – while passing from individual and collective knowledge – constitutes a minimal condition of rationality. Husserl, Hilbert and Rawls can help us in defining these procedures. In this text I am trying to say we might avail of this help.
PROZEDURALITÄT  DER RATIONALITÄT  –  VIER PARADIGMATISCHE  MODELLFÄLLE
Hans-Joachim Petsche

Summary
In order to discuss some aspect of the procedurality of rationality four model cases are analysed: the Babylonian Mathematics, the Stochastic Optimization of a machine tool, the concept of Empirical Modelling and the approach of Process Ontology.


IST  DER  KONKURRENZKAMPF  DER EINZIGE ENTWICKLUNGSFAKTOR  DER  WISSENSCHAFT  UND TECHNOLOGIE?
Moralische, soziale und kulturelle Werte als rationale Grundlage eines neuen Sozialvertrages für die Globalisierungsgesellschaft
Nicanor Ursua

Summary
This paper discusses the role of competitivity inside economic and social processes and procedures. This discussion should lead us to a rational conception of a new configuration of the world. Research on the conditions and means required for a rational world governance should follow as well. The principles of that aspect are shown in the paper.


PROZEDURAL  ORIENTIERTE  TECHNIKFOLGENABSCHÄTZUNG  ZUR  STEIGERUNG GESELLSCHAFTLICHER  ENTSCHEIDUNGSRATIONALITÄT  IN WISSENSCHAFTS-  UND  TECHNIKFRAGEN
Armin Grunwald

Summary
Technology Assessment (TA) aims at the prospective analysis and evaluation of impacts and consequences of scientific and technological developments. This knowledge shall enrich societal processes of opinion-forming and decision-making. TA has to observe certain standards of rationality in order to contribute to an increased rationality of societal decision-making. Such rationality standards of TA can be derived from the situation of uncertainty and ambiguity: on the one hand, prospective TA knowledge is in itself principally uncertain and preliminary, and on the other, in normative questions of evaluation and judgment there is a severe challenge resulting from the societal pluralism. A procedural design of TA could contribute to successfully dealing with these challenges. Such a procedural design should comprise cognitive, evaluative and strategic issues. Participatory approaches to TA serve as an example to look more specifically to the consequences for the operative level of TA.


TA  ALS  PROZEDURALE  KONFLIKTVERMEIDUNG
IM  PROZESS  DER  TECHNIKENTWICKLUNG
Andrzej Kiepas

Summary
The article discusses the problems which are connected with the role of TA in the overcoming of conflicts that arise as an effect of the development of technology. It characterises the different kinds of conflicts, e.g. conflicts of effects, conflicts of tasks, conflicts of goods, conflicts of interests, conflicts of divisions. There are different kinds of TA, but today the most important role is played by the participative model of TA. The procedures of TA cannot guard against conflicts, but they build the basis for their overcoming. The role of those procedures is dependent on different kinds of TA.


VERGLEICH  METHODOLOGISCHER  ZUGÄNGE
IN  DER  TECHNIKPHILOSOPHIE.
Anfänge der Technikphilosophie in den tschechischen Ländern:
Quellen und Bestandteile
Petr Machleidt

Summary
The paper is aimed at comparison of methodological approaches towards philosophy of technology in the Czech lands. It describes the situation in which the first indications of the philosophy of technology in the Czech lands came into existence. So it is a case of historical outline, representing philosophical and sociological reflection of the techniques and technical rationality in the Czech lands till the beginning of the World War II.


RATIONALITÄT  IM  ETHISCHEN  ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROZESS
Pavel Fobel, Daniela Fobelová

Summary
Decision-making is a rational process, which has a dominant procedural character. At the same time, it is a specific form of ethical application. Ethical application itself represents rational procedural act. There are several recommended conceptions, which are applicable in the field of decision making process. In these conceptions also ethical application proposals are represented, which strive to offer the easiest and quick applicable procedures. The emphasis should be laid on such approaches and conceptions as, for example, decision-making on the basis of formal principles, pluralistic approach, eventually conceptions that accept ten ethical principles or the ethics of discourse, etc. Also contemporary discussions between principialists and contextualists signalize the fact that concrete conditions and considerations of specification is minimally as important as the acceptation and recognition of general ethical principles. The ethics of discourse is becoming the most appropriate concept for application of ethics into the praxis of decision making process. Discursive ethics meets the requirements of applied ethics. Procedurality in decision making is in theoretical-methodological as well as in application aspect the most appropriately presented in the conception of responsibility and its two models: a self-interest model and a group value model. If to our decision-making model a credit of rationality and morality should be attributed, we should cultivate it by the rationality of procedures.


EIN  DEONTOLOGISCH-TELEOLOGISCHES  MODELL ETHISCHER  ENTSCHEIDUNGSFINDUNG
Heinrich Ganthaler

Summary
What does it mean to make good ethical decisions? Confronted with some ethical problem we usually look for an ethical theory able to solve the ethical problem in question. But what kind of ethical theory should we prefer in concrete cases of conflict? Ethical theories are frequently classified into deontological and teleological theories. According to a purely deontological theory (as, for instance, defended by Immanuel Kant) the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is totally independent of the goodness or badness of its consequences. In contrast to it, purely teleological theories– the most prominent of them is the theory called “utilitarianism” – judge actions solely according to their consequences. Unfortunately, both kinds of theories show serious deficits. According to purely deontological theories – on the one hand – some actions are intrinsically right, no matter how harmfull their consequences are in particular cases. From a teleological point of view – on the other hand – the end justifies the means, which leads in particular cases to the violation of human rights. The purpose of this article is to outline a decision procedure for ethics, which comprises deontological as well as teleological elements, at the same time avoiding the negative consequences of each of these theories.


WELCHE  RATIONALITÄT  DURCH  VERFAHREN?
Die Organisation von bioethischer Expertise
Alexander Bogner, Wolfgang Menz

Summary
New forms of communication among politics, science and the public have been established with regard to questions of bioethical controversies. On the one hand, a current boom of scientific policy advice in questions of ethics is indicated by the proliferation of bioethics commissions. On the other hand, new forms of public participation in the field of biopolitics, for example citizen conferences, are emerging. Social theory, especially grand theory, has difficulties to deal with questions of ethics. We argue for a genuine sociological perspective on the institutions and procedures of (ethical) rationality, i. e. for an analysis of the practical process of decision-making within the commissions. On the basis of an empirical study of expert and lay commissions, we argue that the process of discussion and negotiation within the bioethics committees has to be understood in terms of “micro-politics” and formation of compromise. The process of formulation of lay expertise in the citizen’s conferences can be described as an “expertisation” and a gradual exclusion of alternative rationalities. The organisational limits, the orders of discourse, and actors’ strategies are the main factors in the understanding of the “production process of expert and lay expertise” in the field of bioethics.


PROZEDURALE  ASPEKTE  DER  IMPLEMENTIERUNG  VON ETHIK  IN  DIE  WISSENSCHAFTSPOLITIK
Monika Bartíková, Wendy Drozenová

Summary
A rapid development in some branches of science has led to international discussion about the ethical aspects of impact of new scientific achievements on human life. The ethical dilemmas, related to the application of new technologies in practical life, should be solved by way of the discussion among all, those whom it concerns. To meet the target, the rational and procedural aspects of the implementation of ethics in the area of science cannot be ignored. The subject of the paper comprises a study of the procedural and rational aspects of the implementation and institutionalisation of ethics in science policy. The authors concentrate on different methods of implementation and their advantages and disadvantages.