| Lecturers |
Description of UNESCO/IUPAC Lectures |
Dr.
Jiří Horský
|
Molecular weight and dimensions of polymers and their
assemblies
Molecular weight (MW) and dimensions (MD) as a
characteristic of polymers. A short review of classic methods used for
the determination of MW and MD (colligative properties, viscometry,
static and dynamic light scattering). Polydispersity as a specific
feature of polymers – types of MW averages and distributions.
Size
exclusion chromatography (SEC) - the principle, detectors and data
treatment. Field-flow fractionation. The principle of the mass
spectrometry (MS). Limitations of the classic MS for application in
polymer science. Development of MS for the MW measurement on intact
macromolecules. MALDI–TOF MS: instrumentation and methods;
sample
preparation and requirements.
|
Dr.
Jiří Horský
|
Polymer solutions in a nutshell
Polymers & copolymers: isomerism.
Polymer solutions:
structure/properties dichotomy; concentration regimes.
Extremely dilute
solutions: shape, dimensions, and modeling of a flexible chain.
Thermodynamic of polymer solutions: Flory–Huggins equation.
Dilute
solutions: osmotic pressure; second virial coefficient.
Two-parameter
theory of polymer solutions: excluded volume effect; thermodynamic
solvent quality.
Transport properties: diffusion coefficient&
intrinsic viscosity.
Hydrodynamic interaction: rheology of polymer
solutions.
Interaction of polymer solution with light: Rayleigh light
scattering &quasielastic light scattering. Scaling arguments.
|
Dr.
Jiří Kotek
|
Deformation
and fracture of Polymeric Materials
Definition of basic terms.
Stress-strain behaviour, elasticity, viscoelasticity, plasticity.
Time-temperature dependence. Strength and toughness.
Structure-property relationship.
Basic experimental methods.
|
Prof.
Ivan Fortelný
|
Polymer
Blends
The
lecture briefly summarises
problems
typical of polymer blends. There is discussed miscibility of polymers
from
thermodynamics point of view and the difference between meaning of the
expressions “miscibility” and
“compatibility” is explained. The role of
the interfacial tension is described and using of block and graft
copolymers
at compatibilization of polymer blends is discussed. Brief survey of
the
methods of blend preparation is given and evolution of its phase
structure
during melt mixing is discussed. The main reasons for changes in the
phase
structure of polymer blends at rest are described. Present state of
knowledge
of the relations between properties and the blend composition and phase
structure is summarised. The most important commercial polymer blends
are
mentioned.
|
Dr.
Petr Vlček
|
Controlled
Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers
Methods of
controlled
polymerization
leading to
tailor-made polymers, random, block and graft copolymers,
functionalized
polymers, etc., with predetermined structure and architecture are
briefly
presented. The main attention is paid to anionic polymerization in the
first part and to the modern methods of controlled radical
polymerization
in the second. For every method, basic chemistry is shortly given, ie.,
structure of corresponding initiator, reaction conditions, stability of
growing centers, reaction mechanism and synthetic potential are
discussed.
More, the necessity of specific optimization the reaction conditions in
every polymerization method with respect to monomer used and required
product
is mentioned and, finally, synthetic capabilities of the individual
synthetic
ways are compared.
|
Dr.
Miroslava Dušková
|
Polymer
Networks
General features of
network formation
and structure
and their significance in science and applications are outlined.
Network
formation theories are grouped in three categories: (a) statistical
theory
of structure generation from units, (b) kinetic theories of
evolution
of molecular weight distribution, (c) computer simulation in space.
Correlation
of structural characteristics calculated theoretically with physical
properties
of the networks is explained.
|
Dr.
Jiří Pfleger
|
π
and σ - Conjugated
Polymers
Preparation and
modifications of
conjugated polymers
(polyacetylene, polythiophene, poly (p-phenylene vinylene),
polyaniline,
ladder polymers, polysilylenes). Electron delocalization in conjugated
polymer backbone, electronic structure and excitations (polarons,
solitons),
doping by electron acceptors and donors.
Device applications:
conductive polymers,
electrochemical
cells, gas and ion FET sensors, photoelectrical conversion in sollar
cells,
electroluminiscent and electrochromic displays, opto-electronic
switches
and memories, photonic applications (optical computing).
|
Dr.
Eduard Brynda
|
Interfaces
between Biological and Synthetic Entities
A contact of
artificial objects with
biological
media starts usually with adsorption of
biological
macromolecules,
particularly proteins, on the object surface
and its subsequent
interactions
with biological environment are mediated by
a
biomolecular
layer
formed on the surface. Thus, it is possible to
control the
interactions
by specially designed interfacial assemblies of
biological or
synthetic
molecules immobilized on the object surface prior
to
its
application.
Antifouling surface coatings resistant to
protein
adsorption or
cell
adhesion, or active thromboresistant coatings
with
immobilized
anticoagulants
are used when the surface may induce
adverse
blood
reactions
or when the fouling with blood plasma or serum may
deteriorate a
device
function. Assemblies containing specific
biorecognition
molecules,
such as antibodies or oligonucleotides, are used
as
affinity
surfaces
in biosensors and in separation methods.
Assemblies
with
specific
cell adhesives or stimulating molecules on
polymeric
scaffolds
are developed for tissue engineering.
|
Dr.
Jiří Dybal
|
Vibrational
Spectroscopy of Polymers: Contemporary Methods
Theoretical
background of infrared and
Raman spectroscopy;
normal mode calculations; photoacoustic spectroscopy; time-resolved
spectroscopy;
two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy; infrared and Raman microscopy
and imaging; structure analysis of polymers: chain orientation,
conformational
structure, crystallinity, hydrogen bonding; analysis of polymer blends,
complexes and aggregates.
|
Dr.
Miroslav Šlouf
|
Introduction
to X-ray and Neutron Scattering Methods
Examples of the
structures of polymeric
systems
are given. X-ray and neutron scattering methods rank among the most
powerful
tools for investigation of these structures. Both common principles and
specific features of wide and small-angle scattering of X -rays and
neutrons
are discussed. Basic information on data interpretation and on the
structure
parameters provided by these techniques is presented. Examples of
structure
studies include time-resolved studies of crystallization and
polymerization,
multilayered micelles and linear polyelectrolytes.
|
Dr.
Miroslav Šlouf
|
Morphology
of Polymers
Polymer crystals
(single crystals, lamellar and multilamellar structures, spherulites,
liquid crystals), polymer crystallization and its kinetics.
Multicomponent polymer systems (polymer composites and
blends). Selection of the deformation textures (fracture).
|
Dr.
Jiří Brus
|
Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance of Polymers: Modern Methods
Important
structural
and dynamic
information about
macromolecular systems bring a lot of one, two and multidimensional NMR
experiments, especially those, which are based of polarization transfer
and inverse detection. High resolution and high sensitivity of NMR
experiments
in liquids make it possible to determine the detail structure of
complex
polymer systems. On the other hand, recent improvement of solid-state
NMR
techniques made it possible to determine exactly interatomic distances
and dihedral angles of insoluble solid organic and inorganic
samples.
Key words:
Solid-state NMR,
liquid-state
NMR, Polymers.
|
Dr.
Zbyněk Pientka
|
Polymer
Membranes and Membrane Operations
The aim is to
provide
the participants
with up-to-date
survey and review of new membrane materials, new discoveries in the
field
of membrane phenomena and novel concepts in the design of membrane
technologies
and applications. The main attention has been devoted to relations
between
the chemical structure and transport properties of membranes allowing
to
learn more about the current status of and anticipated trends in areas
of preparation new membrane polymer composition and their
application.
Key words:
membrane operations,
micro-
, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane
electrolysis,
gas separation, pervaporation, membrane distillation, fuel cells,
membrane
reactors, membrane polymer synthesis, membrane preparation, polymer
blends,
polymer modifications, membrane module, membrane equipment, membrane
technologies.
|
Dr.
František Rypáček
|
Biodegradable
and Bioanalogous Polymers
Bioanalogous
polymers
can be defined as
synthetic
polymers that were either synthesised from building blocks of
biological
origin, or exhibit certain structural or functional features which
would
be otherwise typical for biopolymers. Biodegradability belong to such
features.
Biodegradable polymers are studied for biomedical as well as for
technical
applications. Mechanisms applicable in (bio)degradation of polymers
differ
between vinylics and condensation polymers. Synthesis and structural
relationships
of biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters and poly(amino
acids),
as typical classes of biodegradable polymers, are discussed and the
examples
of application of biodegradable polymers are given. Novel methods of
polymer
synthesis, based on using artificial gene constructs in modified
biosynthetic
pathways of genetically engineered micro-organisms to produce
bioanalogous
macromolecules with unique properties are introduced.
|
Prof.
Karel Ulbrich
|
Polymer
Systems for Controlled Release of Drugs
The use of
synthetic
macromolecules in
the development
of new drug release and drug delivery systems has been gaining
importance
in modern pharmaceutical industry. There are systems enabling
controlled
release of drugs in the living body only (oil droplets and ointments,
polymer-coated
systems, matrix-based systems, membrane systems and microparticle based
systems). These systems are used in a preparation of dosage forms
exhibiting
protracting drug effect. There is another group of more sophisticated
systems
enabling specific delivery of drugs and their release only at the organ
(cells) where therapeutic effect of the drug is required (targeted
liposomes,
micelles, soluble drug carriers, ADEPT systems). The lecture focuses on
the structure, principle of action, chemical aspects of preparation and
some biological properties and effects of the polymer drugs and polymer
dosage forms mentioned above.
Key words:
drug release, drug
delivery,
polymer drugs, drug carriers, dosage forms of drugs
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