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Obsah a abstrakty
Studia Mediaevalia Bohemica
Obsah a abstrakty / Contents and Abstracts
Ročník / Volume 2 (2010): Ročník / Volume 3 (2011): ABSTRACTS OF ARTICLES AND STUDIES OF THE YEAR 2009
Keywords: Gombik, Early Medieval
Culture, Medieval Archeology Martin
Nodl,
Maiestas Carolina. Critical Remarks on the Sources, Declaration and
“Revocation” of the Legal Code Proposed by Charles IV, p. 21–35 The author refers to an
intentional connection between the legal code proposed by Charles IV and the
Mining Code issued by Wenceslas II, which is evident from the nearly identical
reliance on the divine origin of law that is manifested through the words of Dukes
and Kings who may, due to divine sanctifi cation, amend the existing laws and
issue new ones. The author demonstrates that the hypothesis about the
“revocation” of the code by Charles IV, which is reiterated in literature,
contradicts the preserved sources. By declaring that the code had not entered
into force, Charles IV temporarily resigned on the complete sovereignty of his
ruling power and defi ned the domestic aristocracy as being equal
representatives of the state; this was, however, only a deed of the moment that
had no profound eff ect on the relation between the new Emperor and the
domestic aristocratic community. Keywords: Charles IV, Maiestas
Carolina, Legal Code, Medieval Law Petr
Čornej,
Keys to the Karlstein Castle, p. 37–73 The Karlstein Castle was founded
by the King of Bohemia and Roman Emperor Charles IV as his private castle and
thus combined the role of the monarch’s personal sanctuary with the Roman as
well as Bohemian ideals. During the time of Wenceslas IV, the office of the
Burgrave of Karlstein would usually be held by members of the gentry who enjoyed
the King’s exceptional trust. After 1436 Karlstein was designated as the place for
permanent safekeeping of the Bohemian coronation jewels, crown archive,
selected volumes of Records of the Land and rare holy relics. Retrospectively,
the legalization of control exercised by both noble estates over Karlstein
appears to be a part of a long historical process, in which the estates
gradually weakened the ruler’s power and created a political system that was
substantially different from the conditions before the Hussite Revolution. Keywords: Hussites, Karlstein,
Bohemian Estates, Coronation Jewels Roman
Lavička,
Church of St. Vitus in Český Krumlov in the Late Middle Ages, p. 75–98 The Church of St. Vitus in Česky
Krumlov was built around 1400 and is rightfully considered one of the finest
examples of beautiful architecture. The adaptations of the church, which
originated in the Late Middle Ages, have been unjustly overlooked until today;
they are not too extensive, yet the analysis of their morphology reveals that
the sanctuary and the gallery rank among the best masonry work under the rule
of the Rožmberks. Same as in other towns and estates, the construction work in
Český Krumlov was financed particularly by the burghers and the gentry, with
the contribution of priests who, due to their education, personal ties and
authority, undoubtedly influenced the selection of projects and masters called
to work at the construction site. In our case, this is validated by the names
of donors, preserved testaments and references, formal morphology and occurrence
of mason marks in the region as well as by the priests in Krumlov and the surrounding
areas. Keywords: Late Medieval Church
Architecture, Český Krumlov, Sanctuary, Medieval Masonry Tomáš
Velímský,
The Issue of Land Ownership of Czech Noblemen and Members Keywords: Cosmas, Nobility,
Medieval Colonization, Přemyslids František
Šmahel,
The Compactata of Basel, their Drafting and Ratification, p. 187–229 The objective of this paper is
to examine the drafting of the decrees that governed relations between the
Hussites and the Roman Church after the Council of Basel; and, subsequently to
answer the following question: what exactly did the decrees include and what
did they comprise of? As all available information indicates, the basic body of
the so called Compactata of Basel comprised of eight documents. In addition to
the Compactata of Basel, the so called Imperial Compactata are referred to in
literary sources; these decrees include five of Sigismund’s documents that were
issued prior to his accession to the Czech throne. Keywords: Compactata of Basel,
Sigismund, Hussites, Council of Basel Pavel
Soukup,
The Spread of Theological Polemics in the Fifteenth Century. Anti-Hussite
Manuscript from the Charterhouse of Erfurt, p. 231–257 The manuscript presently
deposited in Staatsbibliothek
Preussischer Kulturbesitz in
Berlin under the shelfmark Ms.
Lat. quart. 654 allows
a reconstruction of ways in which recent theological literature used to be
spread in the first half of the fifteenth century. The manuscript that is
comprised predominantly of texts aimed against the Hussite teachings belonged
to the library of the Carthusian monastery of Salvatorberg near Erfurt. This
case study thus uncovers one of the channels by which the polemical tractates
were spread during the times of intense literary production provoked by
Bohemian heresy. The article is appended by a detailed list of works contained
in the manuscript and an edition of previously unpublished text Responsiones facte ad
quatuor articulos,
which expresses the opinion of Catholic theologians of the first crusade who
participated in the debate with the Hussite representatives in the Lesser Town
of Prague in July of 1420. Keywords: Medieval Manuscripts,
Carthusian Order, Hussites, Anti-Hussite Polemics Agnieszka
Januszek-Sieradzka,
Luxury Products on the Royal Table in Late Medieval Poland, p. 259–273 In late Medieval Poland, and by
analogy in all of Europe, luxury at the royal table was represented by the use
of imported choice products that were accessible only to a selected few.
Similar to jewels, valuable robes or articles of precious metals, these
products were kept in the royal treasury. In addition to the obvious culinary
impact (however limited it may have been) and alleged healing powers of certain
spices, the choice products most certainly played their part in issues of
prestige and propaganda. The use of luxury products can be considered as an
interesting indicator of change, particularly with respect to relations among
the estates in late Medieval Poland. The presence of such products at the table
or in the diet was the very article that distinguished the royal court from
other courts of the late Medieval Polish kingdom; at the same time, it brought
them closer to contemporary courts of the rulers of west Europe. Keywords: Luxury Products, Spice, Medieval Cuisine, Jagiellon Monarchy, Late Medieval Poland Erratum: Neodpatřením se v prvním čísle v článku Romana Lavičky objevil jeden obrázek dvakrát a na s. 89 tak v tištěné podobě není fotografie soklu, jak hlásá popis, nýbrž konzoly. Autorovi i čtenářům se tímto omlouváme a zde na webových stránkách časopisu najdete celý článek s opravenou fotkou ke stažení ve formátu pdf.
ABSTRACTS of ARTICLES AND STUDIES OF THE YEAR 2010, no. 1:
Georg Modestin, A coniuratio against Emperor Charles IV and the Silence of the Chronicler. Heinrich of Diessenhofen as the Historiographer of Rudolf IV, the Duke of Austria (1357-1361), pp. 7–24 This study is devoted to the examination of the image of Rudolph IV of Austria in the historical writings of Henry Truchsas of Diessehofen. His chronicle, which maps the years 1316–1361, deals primarily with the history of the Empire; however, the attention of the author of this article is continuously drawn to the history of the Dukes of Austria, which is closely related to this area. The author try to explain the silence of the chronicler on the Rudolph’s participation in the allegiance formed by the Dukes of Württemberg in 1359, which was potentially aimed against Emperor and Rudolph’s father-in-law Charles IV. Keywords: Heinrich of Diessenhofen, Charles IV, Rudolf IV of Austria, Medieval Historiography
Anne Hudson, From Oxford to Bohemia: reflections on the transmission of Wycliffite texts, pp. 25–37 The number of copies of Wyclif's Latin works that derive
from Bohemia and are mostly preserved now in Prague and Vienna is familiar
ground. The evidence for the scrutiny of those works is less frequently mentioned:
very extensive indexes were provided in Bohemia for many of the longer works,
together with a catalogue of 115 items by Wyclif, listing titles, incipits and
explicits and the number of books and chapters for each. Even more remarkable
are the copies of the writings of some of Wyclif's English followers, though
some of these followers were in correspondence with Bohemian fellows, some of
the texts narrate entirely English affairs that would seem of little interest
so far away. The paper surveys these manuscripts and notes the questions that
they raise. Keywords: John Wyclif, Hussites, Bohemian Reformation, Medieval Manuscripts
Martin Nejedlý, Memoirs About a Dragon Who Meowed Like a Cat and About the Ruby on the Crown of Saint Wenceslas that was as Big as a Ripe Date. The Spy Bertrandon de la Broquière on a Journey Towards (Self-)Knowledge, pp. 39–73 Bertrandon de la Broquière, the spy of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, underwent a long pilgrimage in the Holy Land and Turkey during 1432–1433. In his declining years, in the 1450s, he wrote an account of his travels in the genre of an adventurous memoir entitled Le Voyage d’outre-mer (The Overseas Voyage). His primary task was to follow in the footsteps of his predecessor in espionage Guillebert de Lannoy and gather information that could be used in the next crusade and liberation of Jerusalem. However, he had set a different personal goal for himself: to gather information about the life and faith of the Osman Turks. The unusual nature of Bertrandon’s memoirs accommodated the shift from his original objective. The Overseas Voyage was not intended as a mere handbook for future crusaders and pilgrims; it was also designed to serve as a tool for understanding the “other” world. Keywords: Burgundy, Pilgrimage, Itinerary, Bertrandon de la Broquière, Islam
Daniela Dvořáková, Sophia of Bavaria and Sigismund of Luxembourg. On the Sojourn of the Queen of Bohemia in Bratislava, pp. 75–114 This article examines the mutual relationship between King Sigismund of Luxembourg and his sister-in-law, Czech Queen Sophia of Bavaria. Sophia of Bavaria, the wife of Czech King Wenceslas IV, was forced to leave the Kingdom of Bohemia; accompanied by Wenceslas’ brother Sigismund, she left for Hungary. She spent the last several years of her life (1422–1428) in exile in Bratislava. The sojourn of the Queen in Bratislava is surrounded by many legends that originated primarily as a result of unilateral interpretations of Sophia’s correspondence with her brothers, Dukes Ernest and Wilhelm of Bavaria. This study attempts to confront this correspondence with available written sources from the Hungarian province. Keywords: Sigismund of Luxembourg, Sophia of Bavaria, Correspondence ABSTRACTS of ARTICLES AND STUDIES OF THE YEAR 2010, no. 2: ALEŠ MUDRA, Statues of the Founders in Kastl Abbey – Representation of Czech Authorities in the Upper Palatinate (1355–1373)? pp. 193-213 The study is devoted to the trio of statues of the founders in the church of the former Benedictine Kastl Abbey. At the time of the origination of the statues, in the third quarter of the fourteenth century, Kastl was situated in immediate proximity to the southern border of the Upper Palatinate, which was annexed to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Soon thereafter, the joining of a new land ruled by the Luxembourg Dynasty and the Kingdom of Bohemia was symbolically reinforced when Charles IV renewed the long vanished title of Duke of Sulzbach and bestowed it on his son Wenceslas. If the statues in Kastl Abbey were in fact related to the Bohemian house of Luxembourgs, they would fit well into the context of the Charlesian depictions of monarchial predecessors in Prague, Karlstein, and Tangermünde. Nonetheless, the kinship with the Karlstein genealogy of Charles IV is not restricted to the ideological level; it is also obvious on the artistic level. The family tree that was completed shortly before the completion of the statues in Kastl Abbey includes exact models of figure types and their court attire. Analogies to the sculptural work can be traced to the 1350’s second-rate pre-Parlerian production in Rhineland and Central Europe. Keywords: Charles IV, Upper Palatine, Sculpture, Genealogy FRANTIŠEK ŠMAHEL, Who Delivered the Eulogy at the Funeral of Emperor Charles IV? pp. 215-220 The study answers the question who delivered the first sermon at the funeral of Emperor Charles IV, held on 15 December 1378. The second funeral oration was delivered by Adalbert Ranconis de Ericini. Until the 1960s, Archbishop John Očko of Vlašim was considered the author of the first eulogy, or rather sermon, without any reservations. It was Jaroslav Kadlec who suggested the possibility that the oration at the Emperor’s casket was delivered by the successor of Archbishop John Očko of Vlašim, John of Jenstein. The author also expresses the opinion that the Archbishop John Očko of Vlašim remained in active service until the beginning of March 1379; thus, it can be proven that he held funeral services for the deceased Emperor. It is likely that both orators were appointed by the current Archbishop John Očko of Vlašim, who was carrying out other duties at the funeral in his capacity as Archbishop. Keywords: John of Jenstein, John Očko of Vlašim, Charles IV, Funeral sermon LUCIE DOLEŽALOVÁ, Fugere artem memorativam? The art of memory in 15th c. Bohemia and Moravia (A Preliminary Survey) pp. 221-260 The study offers a basic overview of the manuscripts of the ars memorativa treatises in late medieval Czech lands. On the basis of the surviving evidence it is possible to prove that during the 15th century this ancient art (however suspicious and cumbersome it may seem today) was known and practiced here. It coexisted with general (often primarily medical) set of advices on efficient studying some of which openly criticize the art of memory for being too impractical. Besides copies of Italian and West European art of memory models, there is a number of these treatises and shorter treatments of the art composed in the Czech lands. Each of them includes specific features and innovations not encountered elsewhere. The manuscript context of ars memorativa shows that it was not seen as a part of rhetoric theory intended for a restricted number of intellectuals but as a means of storing and recuperating important information actively used especially by students and preachers. Keywords: Memory, Art of memory, Latin manuscripts, Rhetoric, Mnemonics, Late medieval culture, Bohemia, Moravia KATHRIN UTZ TREMP, From Heresy to Witchcraft: the Fribourg Laboratory pp. 261-274 The study offers the exposition of the persecution of heretics and witches and sorcerers in the region of Fribourg in the first half of the 14th century. The progress from persecution of heretics to the ensuing witch trials in the town of Fribourg and its surroundings was not strictly linear. In fact, for some time the persecution of heretics coincided with the persecution of witches and sorcerers, particularly in the years of the trial against Waldensians in 1430. After 1442, there were no more trials with heretics, and the persecution of witches and sorcerers alone ensued. The fundamental difference between the persecution of heretics and the persecution of witches lied in their point of focus. Persecution of heretics was aimed at towns, whereas the persecution of witches was directed at village populations. In the case of Waldensians, mainly men were persecuted; the persecution of witches was aimed primarily at women. With one exception, all trials were held before the same court, i.e. the inquisition court, where members of the Fribourg Municipal Council acted as observers. The unceasing inquisition and the employed inquisition procedure became the link between heresy and witchcraft; naturally, this statement is not exclusively applicable to Fribourg. Keywords: Witch trials, Waldesians, Fribourg, Inquisition, Medieval heresy ABSTRACTS of ARTICLES AND STUDIES OF THE YEAR 2011, no. 1:
PAWEL KRAS, The Donation of Constantine – the legend in the service of papal policy pp. 7–32 The article reexamines the origins of the legend of the donation which Emperor Constantine the Great was to make to Pope Sylvester I, offering him Rome and the secular power over the western part of the Roman Empire. Its main purpose is to analyze how the hagiographical text produced in the late fifth century to promote the cult of St. Sylvester was adopted and used by medieval popes to endorse their dominant position in Latin Christendom. The charter of Constantine’s Donation became one of the most famous medieval forgeries, which served to legitimize the existence of papal state in Italy and to promote the idea of popes’ superiority over emperors and other secular rulers. It was only in the middle of the fifteenth century that the authenticity of that document was successfully questioned by Nicholas of Cusa and in particular by Lorenzo Valla. The latter in his treatise De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione by means of a careful historical and philological analysis demonstrated that Constantine’s Donation was a pure forgery. Keywords: Donation of Constantine, Sylvester I, papal policy JIŘÍ DOLEŽEL, Tišnov tympanum. On the early devotion and iconography of Saint Elisabeth of Thuringia pp. 33–67 The study newly identifies a woman depicted in relief on a sandstone tympanum, walled-in secondarily in building Reg. No. 72 in Tišnov in Moravia. The tympanum can be assigned to the second half of the 1230s or to the 1240s, with its vegetable décor matching in detail a similar motif on the well-known western portal of the church of the Cistercian convent at Porta Coeli at Tišnov. Characteristic features establish the woman as being Saint Elisabeth of Thuringia (1207–1231), a major person in European spirituality of the 13th C., canonised in 1235. This is, then, evidence of very early reception of the new saint in the Czech Lands, clearly inspired by tight dynastic ties: the Czech queen – widow Constance of Hungary, who founded the Porta Coeli convent in 1232, was Elisabeth’s aunt by bloodline. The sculpture is at the same time one of the very oldest artistic depiction of Saint Elisabeth in the European context, with typical accent on the saint’s tight ties to the ideals of Saint Francis of Assisi. Nevertheless, we do not yet know the original location of the tympanum, but apart from the site of Porta Coeli itself the parish church of Saint Wenceslas at Tišnov does fall into consideration. Keywords: iconography, St Elisabeth of Thuringia, early gothic sculpture, the Tišnov tympanum SEBASTIÁN PROVVIDENTE, Clavis scientiae and clavis potestatis. Hus’ causa among the ecclesiastical, university and council powers pp. 69–93 The Schism from 1378 evoked an essential need for a redefinition of doctrinal authority within the church. One of the aims of this study is to show that the Council of Constance did not condemn Hus’ theses only from the doctrinal perspective but also endeavoured to consolidate a certain modus procedendi in relation to the scholar’s heresy. In the context of Hus’ cause, it is evident that the doctrinal questions had great gravity in the eyes of the council fathers. Most likely for the reason of this great attention being paid to the theological aspects, attention was not paid to the fact that in parallel with the condemnation of Hus’ theses some of the main representatives of the council endeavoured for the consolidation of a certain modus procedendi in the cases of the processes whose beginning can be found within the universities. Both in the case of Wycliffe and in the case of Hus, the council confirmed the previous condemnation of university instances in accord with ecclesiastical power. The promise of a public hearing of Hus aroused great disorder, because in that two entirely opposing evidential principles clashed, the theological and legal. The basic problem was in the question of how to define the relation between the two authorities: the Holy Scripture and the Church. The schism from 1378 and general inquiry about the principles in the instances of ecclesiastical power aroused a renewed interest in this problem. Nevertheless, in the thought of some significant council fathers, the principle appeared that auctoritas ecclesiae should serve as a guarantee of the proper interpretation of the Bible. Besides the ambiguity between the two evidential principles (legal and theological), the core of the dispute between Hus and the council fathers lay precisely in this ecclesiological problem. A significant role in the legal course of Hus’ process was analogically played also by the question of the infallibility of the council. Keywords: John Hus, Council of Constance, ecclesiology ALENA M. ČERNÁ, The First Redaction of the Old Bohemian Annals from the Perspective of a Linguist pp. 95–105 The treatise deals with the language of the earliest redaction of the Old Bohemian Annals written in Czech, which were issued i.a. through the merit of the author of this article. The focus of attention are six texts from the middle of the fifteenth century; the objective of the treatise is to verify from the position of a linguist the validity of the conclusions on the filial relations between the individual annals, which were formulated by the historian P. Čornej, to date the texts more precisely and formulate the specific language features of the individual annals. The article discusses the linguistic phenomena typical, or on the other hand exceptional, for the annals and the period of their origin, namely from all of the linguistic levels (orthography and phonetics, morphology, syntax, stylistics, lexis). Through the analysis, it was proved that the annals capture many times a distinctly archaic form of the Czech language, predominantly on the lower levels. On the other hand, progress is recorded in the lexis, which reacts to the social development most flexibly. The opinion of filial relations between the manuscripts is in agreement with the opinion of the historian. Keywords: chronicles, Old Bohemian Annals, linguistics Abstracts of Articles and Studies of the Year 2011, Nr. 2: TOMÁŠ KLIMEK, Orientation in space through determining directions in the texts of the Bohemian Middle Ages pp. 213–229 The article is devoted to the ways of determining the directions in the texts from the Czechlands written between the 12th and 14th centuries and focuses on an analysis of two types of texts of different character and purpose – chronicles and charters. It first describes the symbolic meaning of the cardinal directions in medieval culture and traces its reflection in the texts from the Czech milieu. It follows the loss of the symbolic meaning of the cardinal directions in the later period and vulgarisation of the usage of their titles, which is manifested in the function of the descriptions of detailed situations dealing with everyday life. The author further deals with the other ways of marking certain directions, the most natural of which is perhaps marking according to the right and left hands. Keywords: orientation in space, cardinal directions, chronicles, chartres WOJCIECH KOZLOWSKI, Developing the Concept of “Succession Crisis”: New Questions to Social and Political Circumstances of Łokietek’s Rise to Power, 1304–1306 pp. 231–248 The working definition of a “succession crisis” is based on the presumption that stability is a critical factor in a political system. The system becomes vulnerable if something deprives it of its steadiness and pushes it out of balance. A monarch in the medieval political system played the role of the stability factor which was supposed to harmonize contrary interests of different groups and circles in a kingdom. A “succession crisis” erupts when there is no political agreement regarding who should step into the role of a deceased monarch, i.e., who shows the most promise in achieving the goals of stability, harmony and a balance of power. The thrones in Central Europe were emptied nearly simultaneously at the turn of the fourteenth century. Since politics cannot bear a vacuum, these unexpected vacancies opened the field for new candidates to the throne(s). The paper reflects on three subjects. First, it raises the question of a “succession crisis” as a methodological tool for studying politics in the Middle Ages. Secondly, it outlines the stances of the modern Polish historiography on Łokietek’s coming back to power between 1305 and 1314 and his puzzling popularity among the nobility of Little Poland. It also reveals recent opinions of Polish historians about the Bohemian rule in Poland in the turn of the fourteenth century. Finally, the paper applies the concept of “succession crisis” and switch the focus of Łokietek’s attempts for the throne from a political microhistory to a picture of greater regional range. Keywords: succession crisis, Poland, Władysław Łokietek MILENA BARTLOVÁ, ‘Prout lucide apparet in tabulis et picturis ipsorum.’ The communicative role of pictures and texts at the beginnings of Hussitism pp. 249–274 The relation between the image and the text in the 15th century is one of the important topical streams of the study of the history of depictions, because the advancement of printing transformed significantly the communicative strategy and way of thinking. The study endeavours to employ these recent approaches for new research and verification of the question of what was on the walls of Bethlehem Chapel. Were they pictures and which pictures? Or were they inscriptions? And what functions could they have had if they had remained unreadable for the absolute majority of the local public? The study also includes research of the nature of the depictions in the Jena Codex, made possible by the issuance of its annotated reproduction (2010). Keywords: Bethlehem Chapel, Jena Codex, Hussitism, image and text LENKA HLÁVKOVÁ MRÁČKOVÁ, Neighing horses, cackling hens, heavy-footed vessel and barrel traders… Everyday life of a late medieval town through the eyes and ears of musicians pp. 275–285 The manuscript collection of polyphonic compositions, a so-called Codex Speciálník (Prague, ca. 1485–1500), is presented in the study as a possible starting point for an investigation of the everyday life of a late medieval town. The centre of attention is primarily the alphabetically arranged index of the compositions, which was to facilitate orientation in the musical contents of the codex. The majority of the compositions were copied into the manuscript without the name of the author, therefore the textual incipits were used in the index for the identification of the anonymous songs and motets. Keywords: Codex Speciálník, polyphony, Lesser Town OLGA KOTKOVÁ, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Law and Grace: Luther, or Erasmus? pp. 287–295 The article is devoted to two images with the theme of Law and Grace, which are associated with the name of Lucas Cranach the Elder (both in the National Gallery in Prague). The first is dated to 1529 and does not have the original format, which plays a fundamental role for the interpretation of the iconography, because in the past there was a secondary reduction of the image, during which a band with biblical citations was removed. Other passages from the Bible were placed also on the surface of the image, but these were removed as nonoriginal during a restoration in 1971–1972. According to the literature so far, the panel of Law and Grace conveys one of the bases of Luther’s teaching on justification through faith. This was called into question by Matthias Weniger, according to whom the concept of the work is drawn from Erasmianism; he demonstrated his observations i.a. on the biblical citations in Cranach’s original. The inscriptions from the image were removed, so Weniger was working with inscription preserved on a copy of this composition. It is, however, not possible to consider it as such a trustworthy source for us to amend the so-far accepted interpretation of Cranach’s original from 1529. Keywords: Lucas Cranach the Elder, Luther, Erasmus, panel painting |
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