Okáč Proterebia afra (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) je druhem asijských stepí s reliktním rozšířením na Balkáně: v chorvatské Dalmácii a řeckém pohoří Askion. Je tam hojný, ale čelí hrozbě zarůstání biotopů. Druh žil od pozdních třetihor v horách severního Íránu a na Zakavkazsku, odkud se rozšířil do zbytku svého areálu. V ruských a kazašských stepích žije již minimálně po několik dob ledových i meziledových.
Citovaná literatura:
BARTOŇOVÁ, Alena, et al. Isolated Asian steppe element in the Balkans: habitats of Proterebia afra (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) and associated butterfly communities. Journal of Insect Conservation, 2017, 21.3: 559-571. BARTOŇOVÁ, Alena, et al. Range dynamics of Palaearctic steppe species under glacial cycles: the phylogeography of Proterebia afra (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2018, 125.4: 867-884. KLEČKOVÁ, Irena; KONVIČKA, Martin; KLEČKA, Jan. Thermoregulation and microhabitat use in mountain butterflies of the genus Erebia: importance of fine-scale habitat heterogeneity. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2014, 41: 50-58. PEÑA, Carlos; NYLIN, Sören; WAHLBERG, Niklas. The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161.1: 64-87. THOMAS, J. A., et al. Intraspecific variation in habitat availability among ectothermic animals near their climatic limits and their centres of range. Functional Ecology, 1999, 13: 55-64. ZINENKO, Oleksandr, et al. Mitochondrial phylogeny shows multiple independent ecological transitions and northern dispersion despite of Pleistocene glaciations in meadow and steppe vipers (Vipera ursinii and Vipera renardi). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2015, 84: 85-100. Použitá a doporučená literatura: ÁLVAREZ-LAO, Diego J.; GARCÍA, Nuria. Geographical distribution of Pleistocene cold-adapted large mammal faunas in the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International, 2011, 233.2: 159-170. HEWITT, Godfrey M. Post‐glacial re‐colonization of European biota. Biological journal of the Linnean Society, 1999, 68.1‐2: 87-112. KAHLKE, Ralf-Dietrich. The origin of Eurasian mammoth faunas (Mammuthus–Coelodonta faunal complex). Quaternary Science Reviews, 2014, 96: 32-49. KUDRNA, Otakar; PENNERSTORFER, Josef; LUX, Kristian. Distribution atlas of European butterflies and skippers. Schwanfeld: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag PEKS e.K., 2015.de LATTIN, Gustaf. Grundriss der Zoogeographie. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer verlag, 1967. PEÑA, Carlos; WAHLBERG, Niklas. Prehistorical climate change increased diversification of a group of butterflies. Biology Letters, 2008, 4.3: 274-278. SCHMITT, Thomas. Molecular biogeography of Europe: Pleistocene cycles and postglacial trends. Frontiers in zoology, 2007, 4.1: 11. WILLIS, Katherine J.; McELWAIN, Jennifer C. The evolution of plants. Oxford University Press, 2002.
Proterebia afra (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) occupies the Eurasian Steppe, with a relict distribution in the Balkans: the Croatian Dalmatia and the Greek Askion mountain range, where it is abundant but might suffer from forest encroachment. Since the late Tertiary period, it has been present in Northern Iran and Transcaucasia, from where it expanded. Furthermore, it inhabited the Russian and Kazakh Steppe for at least several glacial and interglacial periods.
