Morphological and Structural Responses of Plant Roots to Aluminium at Organ, Tissue, and Cellular Levels

M. Čiamporová

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:161-171 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015159601881

Toxic effects of aluminium are primarily root-related. This review deals with growth, morphological, and ultrastructural responses of root to aluminium, their diversity along the root axis, and in the root tissues. The cell elongation seems to be most sensitive and responsible for early inhibition of root elongation. Longer Al treatment is required to reduce cell division or to interfere with nucleic acids in the root apex. Alterations of root morphology include root thickening, disturbances of root peripheral tissues, and initiation of lateral roots closer to the root tip. Ultrastructure alterations depend strongly on position of the cells with respect...

Spangenberg, G. (Ed.): Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops

J. Nedělník

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:172 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015181714602

Morphology and Anatomy of Pisum Sativum Somatic Embryos

M. Griga

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:173-182 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015176118719

The morphological and anatomical aspects of direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis in pea were described. Direct embryos were induced from shoot apical meristems of 3 to 5-d-old pea seedlings, embryogenic callus originated from immature pea zygotic embryos or shoot apices. Auxin (picloram, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) was necessary to induce somatic embryos. The developmental stages typical for pea zygotic embryos were detected. Globular and heartshaped somatic embryos were morphologically similar to their zygotic counterparts; in contrast, torpedo and cotyledonary somatic embryos displayed great morphological variation, which affected mainly...

Anticytokinin Effect on Apical Dominance Release in in vitro Cultured Rosa Hybrida L.

V. Kapchina-Toteva, M. Somleva, H.J. Van Telgen

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:183-188 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015128202790

Effects of two cytokinin antagonists - 2-chloro-4-cyclobutyl-amino-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine and N-(4-pyridyl)-O-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamate - on bud break and outgrowth in single nodes from two Rosa hybrida cultivars differing in their apical dominance were studied. The compounds were applied at three different concentrations separately or in combination with benzyladenine. Cytokinin antagonists reduced the number of the sprouted buds in both cultivars at different extent. Their effect was strongly dependent on both concentration applied and culture period duration. The replacement of anticytokinins with benzyladenine in the medium resulted...

Impact of in vitro Cultivation Conditions on Stress Responses and on Changes in Thylakoid Membrane Proteins and Pigments of Tobacco during ex vitro Acclimation

P. Hofman, D. Haisel, J. Komenda, M. Vágner, I. Tichá, C. Schäfer, V. Čapková

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:189-195 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015180219628

Four physiologically and phenotypically diversified tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) plantlet variants had been generated by cultivation on media either lacking or containing sucrose (0 and 3 %, m/v) under two different photon flux densities (PFD), 50 µmol m^-2 s^-1 (LL) and 200 µmol m^-2 s^-1 (HL). Plantlets were transferred into soil without any pre-acclimation and grown either under PFD of 200 µmol m^-2 s^-1 or 700 µmol m^-2 s^-1. Sucrose feeding in vitro resulted in reduced degree and duration of wilting after transfer....

Howard, F.W., Moore, D. Giblin-Davis, R.M., Abad, R.G.: Insects on Palms.(Ecological Studies 142.)

J. Žďárek

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:196 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015133831440

Artichoke Leaf Morphology and Surface Features in Different Micropropagation Stages

C.B. Brutti, E.J. Rubio, B.E. Llorente, N.M. Apóstolo

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:197-204 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015132303698

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf size and shape, glandular and covering trichomes, stomatal density, stomata shape, pore area and epicuticular waxes during micropropagation stages were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and morphometric analysis with the aim to improve the survival rate after transfer to greenhouse conditions. Leaves from in vitro shoots at the proliferation stage showed a spatular shape, ring-shaped stomata, a large number of glandular trichomes and juvenile covering hairs, but failed to show any epicuticular waxes. Leaves from in vitro plants at the root elongation stage showed a lanceolated elliptic...

Effects of 6-Dimethylaminopurine, 2-Aminopurine, Olomoucine and Sodium Vanadate on DNA Endoreduplication in Primary Roots of Pisum Sativum

M. Rosiak, J.T. Polit, J. Maszewski

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:205-211 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015184320536

The effects of 2-aminopurine, olomoucine, 6-dimethylaminopurine (inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases; CDK), and sodium vanadate (a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases) on DNA endoreduplication were investigated during elongation and differentiation of the primary roots in Pisum sativum. When compared with the untreated control plants, at least one additional round of DNA replication was evidenced to occur within most cells, the majority of which have attained 4C DNA level, and a considerably greater portion of cells represented the endopolyploid state with nuclear DNA content approximating the 8C value. It is concluded that cellular...

Smit, A.L., Bengough, A.G., Engels, C., van Noordwijk, M., Pellerin, S., van de Gijn, S.C. (Ed.): Root Methods. A Handbook

O. Votrubová

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:212 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015185815510

Limitation to Carbon Assimilation of Two Perennial Species in Semi-Arid South-East Spain

F. Domingo, L. Gutiérrez, A.J. Brenner, C. Aguilera

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:213-220 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015136421445

Diurnal and seasonal changes of net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and the efficiency of photosystem 2 (F_v/F_m) were measured on two perennial species growing on a soil catena in semi-arid south-east Spain. Stipa tenacissima, a tussock grass, grows on shallow soil at the top of the catena and Retama sphaerocarpa, a leguminous shrub, grows in the valley bottom. A linear relationship was found between light saturated photosynthetic rates (P_max) and diffusive leaf conductance (g_l) in both Retama and Stipa indicating that the intercellular CO₂ concentration (c_i)...

Modulation of the Photosynthetic Source:Sink Relationship in Cultures of the Cyanobacterium Nostoc Rivulare

A.A. Issa, A.E. El-Enany, R. Abdel-Basset

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:221-225 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015140505515

Nostoc rivulare was grown in batch cultures under controlled CO₂ and NO₃^- concentrations to modulate the photosynthetic source:sink relationship. Increasing CO₂ supply accelerated the accumulation of chlorophyll (Chl) a, i.e., supplemental CO₂ combined with double concentrations of NO₃^- more than doubled the amounts of Chl a relative to those of the original medium. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution and respiratory oxygen uptake were both enhanced by elevated CO₂ and NO₃^-. Contents of soluble sugars and starch (total...

Bohm, B.A., Stuessy, T.F.: Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)

Z. Šesták

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:226 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015137932348

Changes in Stem and Leaf Hydraulics Preceding Leaf Shedding in Castanea Sativa L.

S. Salleo, A. Nardini, M.A. Lo Gullo, L.A. Ghirardelli

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:227-234 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015192522354

This paper describes changes in leaf water status and in stem, petiole and leaf blade hydraulics preceding leaf senescence and shedding in Castanea sativa L. (chestnut). Measurements of maximum diurnal leaf conductance to water vapour (g_L), minimum water potential (ψ_L), hydraulic conductance per unit leaf surface area of stems (K_SL), petioles (K_PL) and leaf blades (K_LL) and number of functional conduits and inside diameter distribution were performed in June, September and October 1999. In September, still green leaves had undergone some dehydration as indicated by decreased g_L...

Effect of NaCl and Polyamines on Plasma Membrane Lipids of Wheat Roots

M.M.F. Mansour, K.H.A. Salama, M.M. Al-Mutawa, A.F. Abou Hadid

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:235-239 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015144607333

Caryopses of a salt sensitive wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Giza 163) were presoaked in 2.5 mM putrescine (Put), 5 mM spermidine (Spd) or 2.5 mM spermine (Spm) for 24 h and then subjected to 150 mM NaCl added to the growth medium for 15 d. Effects of NaCl and polyamines (PAs) on plasma membrane (PM) lipids, phospholipids, fatty acids, and free sterols were determined. NaCl treatment caused a decrease in total phospholipids, increase in saturated fatty acids and altered distribution of sterols and phospholipids. NaCl also induced increase in sterol/phospholipid ratio. PAs treatments (particularly Put and Spd) counterbalanced the NaCl...

Nitrogen Deprivation Induces Changes in the Leaf Elongation Zone of Maize Seedlings

V.R. Tóth, I. Mészáros, S.J. Palmer, Sz. Veres, I. Précsényi

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:241-247 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015100924171

The influence of nitrogen deprivation on leaf development and the biomechanics of leaf growth were studied using maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown under low irradiance. Although the nitrogen deprivation had no significant effect on photosynthesis, the leaf length, the leaf area, and the total assimilation area of plants decreased. The mature size of the epidermal cells was not altered, while the cells of nitrogen-deprived plants reached their final length closer to the leaf base than the epidermal cells of control plants. Decreases in the length of the growing zone (from 50 to 30 mm) and in the maximum value of relative elemental growth rate...

Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Phenolics in Conjunction with Aluminum Ions

Y. Sakihama, H. Yamasaki

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:249-254 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015152908241

Using the whole plant and model systems, we demonstrate that the aluminum ions (Al³⁺) stimulate phenolic-dependent lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Donor) roots was 30 % higher under AlCl₃ treatment than without Al. Major decomposition product of lipid peroxidation was 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) but not thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a widely used markers for lipid peroxidation. Similarly, AlCl₃ stimulated lipid peroxidation of soybean liposomes in the presence of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and H₂O₂/horseradish peroxidase system which can...

Changes in Thiol Content in Roots of Wheat Cultivars Exposed to Copper Stress

I. Tari, G. Szalai, Zs. Lôrincz, A. Bálint

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:255-260 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015105025080

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars GK Tiszatáj, Yubileinaya, GK Öthalom and a landrace Kobomugi were grown for 18 d in hydroponic cultures containing 0 (control), 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 µM Cu²⁺. On a dry mass basis, cvs. Tiszatáj and Kobomugi accumulated slightly more Cu²⁺ in the root tissues than did cvs. Yubileinaya and Öthalom, but their controls also contained higher amounts of Cu²⁺. As a result of perturbation in the plasma membrane functions the K⁺ content of roots was reduced at 10 µM Cu²⁺ in all cultivars, whereas the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio decreased significantly...

Adsorption of Zinc Ions by Scenedesmus Obliquus and S. Quadricauda and its Effect on Growth and Metabolism

H.H. Omar

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:261-266 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015157009150

Zinc adsorption by two green algae, Scenedesmus obliquus and Scenedesmus quadricauda, was investigated. The maximum adsorption capability of zinc ion obtained from the Langmuir adsorption isotherms was higher for S. obliquus (6.67) than for S. quadricauda (5.03), and S. obliquus was more tolerant to zinc phytotoxicity than S. quadricauda. Lower concentrations of zinc increased dry mass, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, and total amino acid contents in both algae. On the other hand, higher concentrations of zinc were inhibitory for growth and the other metabolic activities in a concentration...

Hg and Cd Induced Changes in Proline Content and Activities of Proline Biosynthesizing Enzymes in Phaseolus Aureus and Triticum Aestivum

B.P. Shaw, N.P. Rout

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:267-271 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015109125988

The effect of mercury and cadmium, in the form of HgCl₂ and CdCl₂ respectively, on proline accumulation and two key proline biosynthesizing enzymes, Δ¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and Δ¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), was investigated in Phaseolus aureus Roxb. and Triticum aestivum L. The 5-d-old seedlings were exposed to 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mM concentrations of the metals in Hoagland solution for 12 and 36 h. T. aestivum exhibited considerably greater accumulation of proline than P. aureus in response to the metal treatment. Among the two...

BTH-Induced Accumulation of Extracellular Proteins and Blackspot Disease in Rose

Y. Suo, D.W.M. Leung

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:273-279 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015161110058

Treatment of rose shoots with 50 µM acibenzolar-S-methyl (BTH) resulted in increased protection against Diplocarpon rosae. This was accompanied by the induction and accumulation of a set of extracellular proteins as shown by SDS-PAGE and 2D-PAGE. Some of these proteins have been identified as PR-1, PR-2, PR-3 and PR-5 proteins by immunoblot analysis probed with tobacco antisera against PR-1c, PR-N, PR-Q and PR-S protein. Most of the extracellular proteins activated by BTH were also induced and found to accumulate in leaves upon infection with Diplocarpon rosae. However, their accumulation was much more pronounced in BTH-pretreated...

Comparison of the Effect of Different Fungal Elicitors on Rubia Tinctorum L. Suspension Culture

K. Bóka, J. Jakab, I. Király

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:281-290 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015113226897

The effect of two elicitor types prepared from three different fungi on the alizarin content and the ultrastructure of Rubia tinctorum cells was studied. The de novo alizarin synthesis took place predominantly during the first day of treatment then it was followed by a constant release of alizarin into the medium. The alkalinization of the medium was similar in every treatment. The number of the living cells did not changed during 24-h elicitor treatments, but it decreased significantly after 96 h. The appearance of vacuolar bodies, and the change of the plasmalemmasome structure from vesiculo-reticular to reticulo-lamellar were the most...

Leaf Surface Wetness and Morphological Characteristics of Valeriana Jatamansi Grown Under Open and Shade Habitats

S. Pandey, P.K. Nagar

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:291-294 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015165210967

The present study was carried out to investigate the degree of leaf wetness and its capacity to retain water droplets in relation to leaf morphological characteristics of Valeriana jatamansi J. grown under open and shade habitats. Leaves developed in open habitats had less wettability but higher capacity to retain water droplets and more number of stomata than shade leaves. A significant positive correlation of contact angle (ϑ) were noticed with trichome length, droplet retention and wax content.

Growth and Metabolism of Senna as Affected by Salt Stress

A. Arshi, M.Z. Abdin, M. Iqbal

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:295-298 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015117327805

Pot culture experiments were conducted using different NaCl concentrations to assess their impact on the growth and metabolic changes in senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.). Five treatments (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mM NaCl) were given to the plants at three phenological stages, i.e. at pre-flowering, (45 days after sowing, DAS); flowering (75 DAS) and post-flowering (90 DAS) stages. A significant reduction in the biomass and length of the roots and shoots, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, the total chlorophyll content, protein content, nitrate reductase activity, and reduced nitrogen content of the leaves was observed at each...

Plant Regeneration Through Somatic Embryogenesis in Leaf Derived Callus of Plumbago Rosea

G. Das, G.R. Rout

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:299-302 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015169311876

Regeneration of Plumbago rosea L., a rare medicinal plant, via somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures derived from leaf explants was described. Optimum callus formation was achieved on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25 mg dm^-3 kinetin and 2.0 mg dm^-3 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Somatic embryogenesis was achieved upon transferring the 4-week-old callus to a medium containing 1.0 mg dm^-3 kinetic (Kn), 0.5 mg dm^-3 gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 0.1 mg dm^-3 NAA. Embryo maturation and germination was achieved on the half-strength MS basal salts supplemented...

Reddening of Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves

A. Edreva, A. Gürel, E. Gesheva, H. Hakerlerler

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:303-306 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015121428714

Reddening of leaves is a physiological disorder in cotton induced by different abiotic stresses. Dramatic biochemical changes occurred in reddening leaves: strong accumulation of anthocyanins and drop of chlorophyll content, important increase of proline content and peroxidase activity. The lipid peroxide content indicative of membrane fragmentation was decreased. In this way a multicomponent system encompassing anthocyanins, proline, and peroxidase may act coordinately to overcome abiotic stress in cotton.

Invertase in Immobilized Cells of Eschscholtzia Californica

K. Neubert, J. Stano, K. Mičieta, P. Kovács, H. Tintemann

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:307-310 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015173412784

Cell suspension culture of Eschscholtzia californica Cham. were permeabilized by Tween 20 or 80, and immobilized by glutaraldehyde. The highest invertase activity was at pH 4.5 and temperature 50 °C. The hydrolysis of the substrate was linear for 5 h reaching 60 % conversion. The cells had high invertase activity and a good stability, and in long-term storage they showed convenient physico-mechanical properties.

Optimum Assay Conditions of the Activity of Phytochelatin Synthase from Tobacco Cells

R. Nakazawa, H. Kato, Y. Kameda, H. Takenaga

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:311-313 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015125529623

We determined the characteristics of phytochelatin synthase from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow-2) cells, especially the conditions for the enzyme stability. From the results, we proposed the optimum assay conditions of the enzyme activity.

Optimum Conditions for the Storage of Potato Virus Y^NTN Strain

N. Čeřovská, M. Filigarová, R. Hadámková

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:315-316 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015177513693

The effect of storage conditions on the serological activity of two isolates of potato virus Y^NTN strain (PVY^NTN) was studied by ELISA. Purified virus, intact and homogenized infected leaves stored freeze-dried and frozen at various temperatures were tested. Purified virus was the most stable at +4 °C and non-purified virus was best preserved as a freeze-dried leaf homogenate at -20 °C. Their serological activity did not change after three months of storage.

A Rapid and Simple Method for in vitro Plant Regeneration from Split Embryo Axes of Six Cultivars of Cotton

S. Hazra, A.V. Kulkarni, A.K. Banerjee, A.B. Dhage, D.C. Agrawal, K.V. Krishnamurthy, S.M. Nalawade

Biologia plantarum 2002, 45:317-319 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1015129730531

Plant regeneration was achieved from the seed derived decotyledonated split embryo axes of six Indian cultivars of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with 2 % sucrose and 0.65 % agar. Incorporation of 0.25 % charcoal in the medium and incubation of the cultures at 30 ± 2 °C had synergistic effect on the frequency of shoot and root formation. The method employed is genotype independent, simple and rapid.