Maturation Capacity of Somatic Embryos of Picea Abies After Prolonged Proliferation Culture

V. Gjuleva, S. von Arnold

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:161-168 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002144115066

Matured somatic embryos of different embryogenic cell lines of Picea abies formed as a response to abscisic acid and polyethylene glycol were categorised into three main groups: well-developed, less-developed and undeveloped type. Only the well-developed embryos were able to convert into normal plants. They were positively influenced by prolonged proliferation up to 4 months in contrast to the less-developed ones. Seed extract positively affected both well-developed and less-developed embryos, but only in the beginning of tested period. Intermediate cell lines after a peak of acquisition of maximum maturation competence decrease the maturation frequency...

Changes in Isozyme Patterns During in Vitro Regeneration from Cotyledon Explants of Brassica Species

S. Samantaray, G.R. Rout, P. Das

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:169-176 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002196231904

High frequency shoot regeneration from cotyledons excised from 4-d-old seedlings of Brassica campestris L. cv. M 27 and Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. cv. Pusabold was achieved on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg dm^-3 N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) and 3 % (m/v) saccharose. Rooting occurred simultaneously with shoot formation on the medium containing 1.0 mg dm^-3 BA and 0.5 mg dm^-3 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. Cultures of cotyledon, cotyledon derived non-differentiating calli and differentiated calli with shoots and/or roots were analysed at different intervals for isozyme patterns of esterase and...

In Vitro Morphogenesis and Plantlet Regeneration from Seeds of Syzygium Alternifolium

P.S. Sha Valli Khan, J.F. Hausman, K.R. Rao

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:177-184 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002148315975

This work describes in vitro morphogenesis and plantlet regeneration from seeds of the naturally polyembryonic tree Syzgium alternifolium. The basal medium (BM) comprised half strength Murashige and Skoog's (MS) salts, B₅ vitamins, 2 mg dm^-3 glycine, 250 mg dm^-3 ascorbic acid and 20 g dm^-3 sucrose. Addition of auxins like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-naphthalene acetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to the basal medium induced formation of roots or callus from the dicotyledonous as well as tricotyledonous seeds. In contrast, cytokinins like N⁶-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin, 2-isopentenyl...

Segregation of T-DNA Inserts in the Offspring of Arabidopsis Thaliana After Agrobacterium Transformation

M. Ondřej, T. Kocábek, S. Rakouský, D. Wiesnerová

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:185-195 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002100400045

Using various transformation methods, T-DNA constructions for insertional mutagenesis were introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana and the pattern of segregation of hygromycin resistance selectable marker was followed in succeeding generations in individual transgenic lines up to T₄ generation. Despite the low frequency of transformation, T-DNA was often inserted in two or more independent sites. Mendelian segregation ratios 3:1, 15:1, and irregular segregation ratios were observed. We have also shown continuous decrease of the expression of the resident hygromycin resistance transgenic trait in some lines.

Campbell, A., Anderson, W.W., Jones, E.W. (ed.): Annual Review of Genetics

T. Gichner

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:196 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002450413405

Aalto, T.: Gas Exchange of Scots Pine Shoots: Stomatal Modelling and Field Measurements

J. Pospíšilová

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:196 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002458630244

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Chickpea Accessions

H. Banerjee, R.A. Pai, R.P. Sharma

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:197-208 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002152416883

Genetic diversity analysis was carried out in chickpea accessions using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. RFLP analysis using 26 Pst I sub-genomic clones on ten chickpea accessions in 130 probe-enzyme combinations detected polymorphism with only two clones. Pst I clones, CG 141 detected polymorphism in ICC 4918 and Pusa 209 while CG 500 detected polymorphism in Pusa 261, ILC 26 and in ILC 13326. These clones detected very few polymorphic markers. Analysis using 10 Eco RI clones on twelve chickpea accessions have shown better hybridisation signal and one clone detected polymorphism...

Stable Transformation of the Intact Cells of Chlorella Kessleri with High Velocity Microprojectiles

M.M. El-Sheekh

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:209-216 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002104500953

A transgenic expression system of Chlorella kessleri using the gene for β-glucuronidase (GUS) was developed. Cells of this unicellular green alga were bombarded with the plasmid pBI 121, which bears β-glucuronidase under the control of CaMV 35S promoter and the kanamycin resistant gene. Maximum GUS activity was obtained after 48 h of bombardment using a helium pressure of 900 kPa; GUS activity was then assayed for many generations. The stable transformants were able to grow on kanamycin containing medium after repeated passages between selective and nonselective medium and exhibited GUS activity comparable to that of control cells. Stable...

Photosynthetic Characteristics in Two Wheat Genotypes as Affected by Nitrogen Nutrition

V. Jain, M. Pal, K.C. Lakkineni, Y.P. Abrol

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:217-222 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002156517792

Chlorophyll (Chl) a and b content, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) content and activity, and electron transport rate were measured in flag leaves of wheat genotypes Uniculm and Kalyansona, grown at suboptimal and optimal supply of nitrogen. The Chl content, RuBPCO activity, and electron transport rate were decreased due to suboptimal nitrogen supply only in Kalyansona. There was no change in the ratio of RuBPCO and photosystem 2 (PS2) activity at various stages which suggests that there was no alteration in distribution of N due to additional N supply.

Compartmentation and Fluxes of Sugars in Roots of Phaseolus Vulgaris Under Phosphate Deficiency

I. Ciereszko, J.F. Farrar, A.M. Rychter

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:223-231 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002108601862

The influence of phosphate deficiency on the sugar accumulation and sugar partitioning in the root cells of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied. Bean plants were cultured 17 - 19 d on a phosphate-sufficient and phosphate-deficient nutrient medium. Phosphate deficit in the growth medium resulted in increased sugar concentration for about 30 % in the apoplastic and cytoplasmic compartments as well as in the vacuoles of root cells. However, the distribution of sugars between apoplast and cytoplasm compartment and vacuole was not affected by decreased phosphate concentration. About 20 % of sugars were found in the apoplast and cytoplasm, about 80...

Evans, L.T.: Feeding the Ten Billion (Plants and Population Growth)

J. Krekule

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:232 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002410714314

Salinity Induces Accumulation of Soluble Sugars and Alters the Activity of Sugar Metabolising Enzymes in Rice Plants

R.S. Dubey, A.K. Singh

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:233-239 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002160618700

Changes in the starch and sucrose contents, and the sucrose phosphate synthase, acid invertase, and starch phosphorylase activities were studied in the seedlings of salt sensitive and salt tolerant rice cultivars growing under two NaCl concentrations (7 and 14 dS m^-1) for 20 d. Under salinity, the starch content in roots declined more in salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya than in salt tolerant cvs. CSR-1 and CSR-3 and was unchanged in shoots. The contents of reducing and non-reducing sugars, and the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase was increased more in the sensitive than in the tolerant cultivars. Acid invertase activity decreased...

Alterations in Protein and Esterase Patterns of Peanut in Response to Salinity Stress

A.M. Hassanein

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:241-248 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002112702771

The ability of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to grow at high concentrations of NaCl may be due to the alteration in gene expression. SDS-PAGE analysis has revealed that plants grown under NaCl showed induction (127 and 52 kDa) or repression (260 and 38 kDa) in the synthesis of few polypeptides. In addition, nine different esterase isoenzymes were detected in embryos of seeds germinated in 105 mM NaCl, whereas only five of them were detected in the embryos of untreated seeds. On the other hand, in the cotyledons, the esterase pattern was not affected by NaCl concentration. The esterase patterns of both stems and leaves were less influenced by NaCl in...

Effects of Proline and Glycinebetaine on Vicia Faba Responses to Salt Stress

M.A.A. Gadallah

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:249-257 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002164719609

Plants of bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Calvor 103) were salt-stressed with NaCl and CaCl₂ in concentrations inducing soil osmotic potentials (ψ_soil) from 0 to -1.2 MPa and were sprayed with proline (8.7 µM) and glycinebetaine (8.5 µM) solutions. Bean plants respond to increasing soil salinity by decreased leaf relative water content and osmotic potential. Salinity decreased the contents of dry mass, chlorophyll, soluble and hydrolysable sugars, soluble proteins and enhanced content of total free amino acids, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl^-. The ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ was decreased on...

Structural Changes and Aluminium Distribution in Maize Root Tissues

S. Budíková

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:259-266 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002116803679

Growth and structural responses of primary roots of Zea mays L. to aluminium chloride were studied. The treatment of seedlings with 50 µM AlCl₃ resulted in high accumulation of Al, partial inhibition of root growth, occurrence of surface lesions in peripheral tissues, root thickening caused by expansion of inner cortical cells, reduced root cap length, extensive vacuolation, cell distortion, and increased synthesis of callose within 24 h.

Stomatal Closure During Tobacco Leaf Desiccation as Affected by Ozone

A. Sõber, E. Sild

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:267-272 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002168820518

The effect of acute ozone exposure on the stomatal conductance and leaf water content during rapid desiccation was examined in leaves of two tobacco cultivars, ozone sensitive cv. BelW3 and ozone tolerant cv. Samsun. The relative rate of stomatal closure was constant during leaf desiccation in cv. Samsun but decreased in cv. BelW3 in both ozonated and control plants. Ozone exposure increased the relative rate of stomatal closure and transpiration rate (measured on the following day) in cv. Samsun, but reduced the respective parameters in cv. BelW3. As a result, the plants of ozone-sensitive cultivar, treated with ozone, lost more water during desiccation...

Changes in Pollen Autofluorescence Induced by Ozone

V.V. Roshchina, V.N. Karnaukhov

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:273-278 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002120904588

The changes in the autofluorescence spectra of intact Philadelphus grandiflorus, Epiphyllum hybridum, and Plantago major pollen have been observed with microspectrofluorometric method after 100-h exposure to ozone (3 h per day for 5 d per week in total dose 5.0 cm³ m^-3). The fluorescence maximum at 530 - 550 nm disappeared in carotenoid-containing pollen of Philadelphus grandiflorus and Epiphyllum hybridum and new maximum at 475 - 480 nm arose that correlated with lipofuscin-like substances observed in the extracts from the pollen grains. The carotenoid-less pollen of Plantago major showed only...

Benzothiadiazole as an Inducer of β-1,3-Glucanase and Chitinase Isozymes in Sugar Beet

L. Burketová, M. Šindelářová, L. Šindelář

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:279-287 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002172921426

The effect of benzothiadiazole (BTH) on protein synthesis was studied in sugar beet plants. Extracellular proteins induced by 0.025 % BTH were examined and their pattern was compared with that induced by sodium salicylate, chitosan, paraquat, AgNO₃, and by tobacco necrosis virus. BTH induced synthesis of at least 9 acidic and 6 basic proteins; three of them appeared as acidic chitinase isozymes, three as acidic β-1,3-glucanase isozymes, three as basic chitinase isozymes, and one as a basic β-1,3-glucanase isozyme. One of the basic chitinase isozymes was found also in control plants. The most of the newly formed proteins was also...

Response of Three Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Simulated Acid Rain and Aluminium Stress

M. Vosátka, E. Batkhuugyin, J. Albrechtová

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:289-296 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002125005497

Simulated acid rain (SAR) combined with higher concentration of aluminium (SAR+Al) influenced the ecophysiology of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in both the germination and symbiotic phases of their life cycle. Acaulospora tuberculata, an isolate from the soil with low pH, exhibited a higher tolerance to environmental stress as compared to Glomus mosseae and G. fistulosum. This higher tolerance may be related to the edaphic conditions of soil of the isolate origin. The histochemical staining of the alkaline phosphatase and NADH-diaphorase activities in the extraradical mycelium (ERM) of the AMF proved to be more sensitive indication of negative...

Protein Profiles of Somatic Embryos and Regenerated Plants from NaCl Selected and Control Cultures of Orchardgrass

S. Dutta Gupta

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:297-302 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002177122335

The protein profile of cells of control somatic embryos was compared to that of embryos that have become selected and maintained on 200 mM NaCl in order to detect salt inducible proteins. Two proteins (60 and 51.5 kDa) were more abundant in the selected embryos and one protein with molecular mass 18 kDa was unique to the selected embryos. Enhanced content of 27 kDa protein was observed in all somatic embryos indicating its involvement in the embryonal state. Similar pattern of salt inducible proteins in selected somatic embryos and the plantlets regenerated from such embryos was found.

A Micro-analytical Method for the Determination of Starch and Amylose/Amylopectin Content in Pea Seeds

A. Jones, J. Urban, J. Čopíková

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:303-308 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002129206405

New modifications of the method for pea starch and amylose/amylopectin analysis were tested with small samples size of smooth and wrinkled peas. The milling process of the sample and preliminary extraction with 40 % ethanol were very important and affected markedly the standard deviation.

Meristem Culture of Interspecific Hybrids of Groundnut

T. Radhakrishnan, T.G.K. Murthy, S. Desai, A. Bandyopadhyay

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:309-312 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002181223243

The shoot apices of ten groundnut interspecific hybrids, showing peanut stripe virus symptoms were used as explants. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg dm^-3 each of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) supported maximum callusing of the hybrids J 11 × Arachis sp. PI 30008 as well as J 11 × A. sp. Manfredi # 5 (86.3 and 82.6 %, respectively). On MS medium with 3.5 mg dm^-3 NAA and 0.2 mg dm^-3 BAP, the meristems of J 11 × A. stenosperma as well as J 11 × A. otavioi gave good response (79.7 and 77.2 %). The regeneration frequencies ranged from 16.7 to 76.9 % and...

Effects of Abscisic Acid and Water Stress on the Senescence of Detached Rice Leaves

J.-N. Lin, J.-W. Wang, C.H. Kao

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:313-316 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002133307314

The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and water stress on senescence and enzyme activities of oxygen scavenging enzymes of detached rice leaves were compared. Exogenously applied ABA exhibited water stress-like effects by promoting senescence, by decreasing the activities of catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. It seems that the effects of water stress on senescence and enzyme activities are possibly mediated through increased content of endogenous ABA.

Pinus Halepensis and Quercus Ilex Terpene Emission as Affected by Temperature and Humidity

J. Llusià, J. Peñuelas

Biologia plantarum 1999, 42:317-320 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1002185324152

The short-term relationships of monoterpene emission with temperature and relative humidity were studied in Pinus halepensis L. and Quercus ilex L. seedlings grown in air-conditioned chamber. In P. halepensis terpene emission rate increased with temperature (from 15 to 35 °C) and relative humidity (from 40 - 60 to 65 - 95 %). In Q. ilex, a terpene non-storing species, it increased with temperature only at high relative humidities but not at relative humidities lower than 60 %.