The Complexity of Factors Driving Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Plants

J. Peñuelas, J. Llusià

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:481-487 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013797129428

The emissions of volatile organic compounds, VOC, from plants have strong relevance for plant physiology, plant ecology, and atmospheric chemistry. We report here on the current knowledge of the many internal (genetic and biochemical) and external (abiotic - temperature, light, water availability, wind, ozone, and biotic - animal, plant and microorganisms interactions) factors that control emission rates of different VOC by altering their synthesis, vapour pressure or diffusion to the atmosphere. The complex net of these factors, their interactions and the different responses of the different VOC produces the large qualitative and quantitative, spatial...

Nordenstam, B., El-Ghazaly, G., Kassas, M. (ed.): Plant Systematics for the 21st Century

M. Blažek

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:488 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013783813015

Somaclonal Variation in Rice after Two Successive Cycles of Mature Embryo Derived Callus Culture in the Presence of NaCl

S. Lutts, J.-M. Kinet, J. Bouharmont

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:489-495 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013761814407

Two successive cycles of mature embryo-derived callus culture separated by one cycle of sexual reproduction of R₀ regenerated plants were performed using two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in order to gain information upon the nature of somaclonal variation in this species. Plants regenerated after one cycle of tissue culture exhibited higher variability and lower performances than those of initial cultivar. A second cycle performed using R₁ embryos as explants showed that the cellular component of salt resistance in terms of growth and regenerating abilities selected during the first cycle could be transmitted to the...

Keen, N.T., Mayama, S., Leach, J.E., Tsuyumu, S. (ed.): Delivery and Perception of Pathogen Signals in Plants

L. Šindelář

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:496 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013735929853

Embryo Rescue and Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis as a Method to Overcome Seed Inviability in Zea mays ssp. mays × ; Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Crosses

M.D. García, M. del C. Molina

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:497-501 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013718015315

Zea mays ssp. mays (2n=40) and Z. mays ssp. parviglumis (2n=20) were crossed to obtain hybrid plants by embryo rescue. Hybrid embryos were isolated and cultured on García et al. (1992) basic medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and/or kinetin in different concentrations. Caryopses harvested 23 d after pollination (DAP) were turgid, with 0.3 to 0.5 mm long embryos, while those harvested 30 DAP were shrunken, with 1 to 1.5 mm long embryos. Twenty days after plating, 100 % of the younger embryos gave rise to white, compact embryogenic calli. Subsequently, coleoptiles, leaf-like structures, shoots and...

Savidge, R.A., Barnett, J.F., Napier, R. (ed.): Cell and Molecular Biology of Wood Formation

M. Cvikrová

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:502 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013787913923

Factors Affecting Somatic Embryogenesis from Cotyledonary Explants of Safflower

A.K.A. Mandal, S. Dutta Gupta, A.K. Chatterji

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:503-507 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013722116224

Frequency of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) somatic embryogenesis, number of somatic embryos per responding explant and somatic embryo maturation and germination were affected by genotype, explant age, carbon source, and ethylene. Among 8 cultivars tested, 7 were embryogenic with varying frequencies. The best response was obtained with cv. Girna. Whole cotyledonary explant from 10-d-old plants was best responding compared to 5- or 15-d-old ones. Among different carbon sources, sucrose at 87.6 mM concentration was most suitable for embryo induction, maturation and germination. Of the different ethylene inhibitors, silver nitrate at 50 [micro...

Yunus, M., Pathre, U., Mohanty, P. (ed.): Probing Photosynthesis; Mechanisms, Regulation and Adaptation

J. Květoň

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:508 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013740030762

Biochemical and Molecular Characterisation of Wheat Chloroplastic Glutathione Reductase

H.R. Lascano, L.M. Casano, M.N. Melchiorre, V.S. Trippi

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:509-516 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013726200294

Wheat leaves contain two charge/mass-separable isoforms of glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), one chloroplastic and the other probably cytosolic. The chloroplastic GR was purified to homogeneity, and its biochemical and molecular characterisation showed features very similar to the other plant GRs. In its native conformation the enzyme is composed by two subunits of 56 kDa and an associated polypeptide of 32 kDa, with an overall molecular mass of approximately 150 kDa. Optimum activity was observed at pH 8.00 and with an ionic strength between 60 to 100 mM. GR activity is highly sensitive to temperature changes, exhibiting an exponential increase...

Apoplastic Transport of ¹⁴C-Photosynthates Measured under Drought and Nitrogen Supply

V.I. Chikov, N.Y. Avvakumova, G.G. Bakirova, L.A. Belova, L.M. Zaripova

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:517-521 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013778201203

Using water infiltration of the plant and individual shoots with the subsequent intercellular liquid extraction by the pressure chamber, dynamics of the movement ¹⁴C-photosynthates from cell to apoplast, and ¹⁴C distribution among photosynthetic products in mesophyll cells and apoplast were studied. The relative quantity of ¹⁴C-photosynthetes in leaf apoplast depended on growing conditions; drought increased, and nitrate supply decreased it. When the middle leaves absorbed ¹⁴CO₂, photosynthates moving down in stem phloem appeared in intercellular space, where they were transported up by transpiration...

Lack, A.J., Evans, D.E.: Plant Biology

J. Pospíšilová

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:522 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013792014832

Effect of Benzyladenine and Hydroxybenzyladenosine on Gas Exchange of Bean and Sugar Beet Leaves

J. Pospíšilová, J. Rulcová, L. Vomáčka

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:523-528 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013782318041

Using bean seedlings, the effects of benzyladenine (BA) on stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration rate (E), and net photosynthetic rate (P_N) were examined in order to find out dose and time responses. In bean seedlings, BA appli roots in concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 µM increased g_s and P_N of leaves already 1 h after application. E was not markedly affected and water use efficiency (WUE) was increased. However, the effects were mostly transient and after 24 h P_N only at 1 and 5 µM BA was increased, and other parameters were not affected or even decreased. In sugar beet seedlings,...

Effect of Polyamines on Chlorophyll and Protein Contents, Photochemical Activity, and Energy Transfer in Detached Wheat Leaves during Dark Incubation

D. Subhan, S.D.S. Murthy

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:529-533 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013734502112

Spermine as compared to putrescine or spermidine retarded the loss of chlorophyll and protein contents to a greater extent in wheat primary leaves during dark incubation. Activities of whole chain electron transport, photosystem (PS) 1 and PS2, and absorbed excitation energy distribution in favour of PS 1 were protected by these amines in valency dependent manner during 72-h dark incubation.

Hickey, M., King, C.: Common Families of Flowering Plants

J. Štěpánek

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:534 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013744131670

Purification and Kinetic Characterisation of Lactate Dehydrogenase from Dioscorea cayenensis Tuber

U. Oluoha

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:535-539 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013786518950

Lactate dehydrogenase from yellow yam tuber (Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.) was isolated and purified using various chromatographic methods and electrophoresis. Only one form of the enzyme obtained, which obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, was activated by Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ and inhibited by nucleotides and PEP. AMP, which activated the enzyme in the direction of pyruvate reduction, inhibited it in the direction of lactate oxidation. The enzyme is specific for pyruvate L-lactate and uses only NADH and NAD⁺ as the electron carriers. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed single band of lactate dehydrogenase activity....

Stacey, G., Keen, N.T. (ed.): Plant-Microbe Interaction

L. Burketová

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:540 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013796215741

Alleviation of Changes in Protein Metabolism in NaCl-Stressed Wheat Seedlings by Thiamine

F. El-Shintinawy, M.N. El-Shourbagy

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:541-545 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013738603020

NaCl-stress induced a pronounced suppression in growth of wheat seedlings. The most abundant amino acids (cysteine, arginine, methionine) constituting about 55 % of total free amino acid content in control wheat were reduced in 100 mM NaCl-treated plants. However, valine, isoleucine, aspartic acid and proline accumulated in response to NaCl stress and NaCl-treated wheat seedlings showed 1.6 fold increase in total free amino acids compared to the control. Addition of 2 [micro ]M thiamine alleviated the effects of NaCl on the amino acid composition and the amount of total free amino acids decreased to that in the control. Content of 26 kDa protein increased...

Schaad, N.W., Jones, J.B., Chun, W. (ed.): Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

M. Šindelářová

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:546 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013748332579

Implications of Seed Proteins in Brassicaceae Systematics

S.M. El Naggar

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:547-553 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013790619858

Seed proteins of eleven species of Brassicaceae were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In total 50 different bands were identified. Some of the bands are characteristic and represent constant markers of each species, which allow the unequivocal identification of their electrophoregram. The obtained data have been treated numerically using the cluster analysis method of unweighed pair group (UPGMA). The electrophoregram gives support to the idea that the tribe Sisymbrieae is an unnatural group and suggests its merge with the tribe Brassiceae. On the other hand the distinct position of Zilla spinosa in the...

Elicitor-Stimulated Induction of Defense Mechanisms and Defense Gene Activation in Grapevine Cell Suspension Cultures

V. Repka

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:555-565 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013742703929

A cell culture system has been developed to examine a multicomponent defense response induced in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Limberger) tissues by both biotic and abiotic elicitors. H₂O₂ from the oxidative burst, cell death, extracellular alkalinization, and defense responses such as the accumulation of defense-related proteins and expression of corresponding genes were analyzed in grapevine suspension cultures. Cultured cells responded differentially to a set of 14 elicitors. The most effective group of elicitors was represented by salicylic acid, chitosan, methyl jasmonate, and elicitor released from cell walls of...

Changes in Composition of Soluble Intercellular Proteins Isolated from Healthy and TMV-Infected Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi-nc

M. Šindelářová, L. Šindelář

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:567-572 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013794720767

Changes in ribonucleases (RNases), phosphomonoesterase (PME), phosphodiesterase (PDE), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P DH), polyphenoloxidases, peroxidases and proteases activity and PR-proteins composition in leaf tissue and intercellular fluid (ICF) isolated from leaf tissue of healthy and TMV-infected hypersensitive tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi-nc) plants (non-inoculated leaves) were studied. The amount of the proteins and the enzymes of intercellular space was less than 3 % of the total amount of proteins and the enzymes found in homogenate of healthy leaves. The TMV infection did not significantly change this observation....

Response of β-Glucosidase to Fungal Infections in Seed, Ovary and Fruit

I.D. Georgieva, A. Edreva, R. Rodeva

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:573-578 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013746804837

Localization and changes in the activity of β-glucosidase were investigated in wheat caryopsis and glumes infected with Stagonospora nodorum as well as in lily ovaries and harvested tomato fruits both inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. It was established that the pathogen invasion caused splitting of wheat seed coat, xylem blocking in lily carpel and decay in tomato fruits. B. cinerea invasion evoked disorders of the embryogenesis accompanied by a decreased activity of β-glucosidase in all ovules. The activity of the enzyme was not changed considerably in wheat seeds as the infection occurred in the late embryonal stages...

Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)-Caused Pathogenesis: Effects of HLVd Infection on Lupulin Composition of Meristem Culture-Derived Humulus lupulus

J. Patzak, J. Matoušek, K. Krofta, P. Svoboda

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:579-585 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013798821676

Season-dependent fluctuation of hop latent viroid in meristem tips enabled selection of viroid-free cultures from Osvald's clone 31, 72, 114, and cv. Premiant. These mericlones were used to evaluate effect of viroid infection on the composition of hop resins and essential oils in the first production year. Healthy plants were compared with naturally re-infected individuals under field conditions. On average, viroid infection decreased content of α-bitter acids by 40 %. The content of β-bitter acids, as well as the ratios of humulone/cohumulone and lupulone/colupulone was not influenced by viroid infection. The content of all monoterpenes...

Salt Stress Induced Changes in Growth and Enzyme Activities in Germinating Phaseolus Mungo Seeds

M. Dash, S.K. Panda

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:587-589 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013750905746

NaCl salt stress induced changes in growth and enzyme activities in blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) seeds during germination were studied. A decrease in germination percentage, root length, shoot length, and fresh mass was noticed with an increase in NaCl concentration. With the increase in NaCl concentration and duration of stress proline content increased and catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities decreased.

Sister Chromatid Exchanges Induced by Heavy Metals in Vicia Faba

S. Gómez-Arroyo, J. Cortés-Eslava, R.M. Bedolla-Cansino, R. Villalobos-Pietrini, M.E. Calderón-Segura, Y. Ramírez-Delgado

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:591-594 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013703022584

The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) by chloride and nitrate salts of nickel, cobalt, cadmium and zinc were studied in meristematic root cells of Vicia faba. Salts of nickel, cobalt and cadmium significantly increased the frequency of SCE, whereas chloride and nitrate salts of zinc did not increase the frequency of SCE significantly above the spontaneous level. The reported data demonstrate that the induction of SCE in Vicia faba may represent a valuable bioindicator for detecting the cytogenetic damage of heavy metals.

The Effect of Different Salts of Sodium and Potassium on the Accumulation of Glycinebetaine in Atriplex Prostrata

T.P. Egan, H.D. Dewald, I.A. Ungar

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:595-597 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013755007563

Atriplex prostrata was grown for one month in nutrient solutions with NaCl, KCl, Na₂SO₄, and K₂SO₄ (at osmotic potentials of 0, -0.75, -1.00, and -1.50 MPa). Plants treated with K₂SO₄ had less glycinebetaine at -1.0 and -1.50 MPa than those treated with Na⁺ salts, probably due to the inhibitory effects of K⁺ on glycinebetaine accumulation.

The Response of Nitrate Reductase Activity and Nitrate Assimilation in Maize Roots to Growth Regulators at Acidic pH

N. Shankar, S.R. Khan, H.S. Srivastava

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:599-601 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013711224402

Nitrate and total nitrogen contents, and nitrate reductase (NR) activity of the excised maize roots in buffered or unbuffered nitrate solution (at pH 6.5 or 4.5) as affected by putrescine (PUT), abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) were investigated. In unbufferred solution, the NR activity was lower at pH 4.5 as compared to that at pH 6.5, but in bufferred solution the activity was higher at lower pH. Supply of 100 µM PUT or 500 µM SA, promoted NR activity and 50 µM ABA inhibited the activity at pH 6.5. However, at pH 4.5, PUT and SA inhibited NR activity and ABA had no effect. In most cases, the increase in NR activity was...

Micropropagation of Cardiospermum Halicacabum

S. Babber, K. Mittal, R. Ahlawat, T.M. Varghese

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:603-606 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013763208472

The in vitro studies with Cardiospermum halicacabum indicated that the different explants, i.e cotyledon, hypocotyl, cotyledonary node, leaf, internode and node had the potential to produce calli on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzylaminopurine (BAP) and napthalene acetic acid (NAA). Calli of different explant origin showed variable growth responses on different BAP concentrations. The shoots were favourably formed from the calli of leaf and cotyledon explants. The maximum number of shoots were produced from calli subcultured on MS + BAP (17.8 µM). The roots were initiated on growth regulator free MS medium.

Effects of NaCl and Proline on Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Bean Seedlings

Y. Demir, İ. Kocaçalişkan

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:607-609 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013715425310

In this work, the effects of NaCl (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM), proline (0, 5 and 10 mM) and NaCl + proline in combinations on activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO; E.C. 1.10.3.1) and soluble protein content have been investigated in the root, stem and leaf tissues of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings grown in embryo culture. PPO activities were higher in all the tissues treated with NaCl, proline and NaCl + proline combinations those that of the control tissues. The protein content was very high in tissues exposed to proline and NaCl + proline combination, but NaCl alone decreased protein contents in root and leaf tissues. The results suggest...

Stimulation of Shoot Regeneration on Linum Hypocotyl Segments by Thidiazuron and Its Response to Light and Calcium

P. Jain, A. Rashid

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:611-613 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013767426219

The basal segment from hypocotyl of Linum usitatissimum L. seedling readily regenerates, to produce a large number of shoots, in a short period of 5 [ndash ] 7 d. This response was stimulated by a low concentration (0.1 [micro ]M) of thidiazuron (TDZ). TDZ was also effective in inducing regeneration in dark. A drastic reduction in regeneration response on hormone-free as well as TDZ-supplemented medium was found after inclusion of an inhibitor of calcium-uptake, lanthanum (La³⁺). An essentiality of calcium in the regeneration was also evidenced by an increased response with increasing concentration of calcium. At Ca²⁺ concentration...

Effect of Photoperiod and Chlorogenic Acid on Morphogenesis in Leaf Discs of Streptocarpus Nobilis

E.I.S. Floh, W. Handro

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:615-618 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013771510289

Leaf discs from vegetative plants greatly increase their phenolic content when cultivated in vitro. Under long days the values remained constant, and were higher when compared with short days cultures. Under short days total phenolics decreased after 10 d, corresponding to the induction and expression of in vitro flowering. The effect of photoperiod and chlorogenic acid (0.01 mM) on leaf discs cultured from induced and non-induced plants, were analyzed regarding the neo-formation of roots, as well as vegetative and flower buds. Chlorogenic acid enhances the regeneration of roots in all treatments tested, with the highest stimulation on...

Utility of Trigonelline as a Biochemical Market for Interspecific Competition between Soybean and the Weed Common Waterhemp

T.L. Pfeiffer, Y. Cho, D.J. Gibson, B.G. Young, A.J. Wood

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:619-622 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013723627127

Interspecific competition between four soybean cultivars (PI471938, Stressland, Essex and Forrest) and the weed, common waterhemp was investigated under increasing weed densities (i.e. 0, 1, 4 and 16 plants per pot). Soybean height and leaflet number were measured over a 45-d period and used to calculate relative growth rates (RGR). Trigonelline (TRG) concentration was determined within the V1 leaf of 45-d-old soybean plants. Soybean leaflet number (P[lt ]0.05), soybean height (P[lt ]0.05) and soybean RGR_h (expressed in terms of height) differed significantly (P[lt ]0.05) according to waterhemp density. At each...

Characterization and Localization of a Novel Protein (HFN 40) in Maize Genotypes Without Husk Leaf Blades

H.A. El-Shemy, T. Nishimura, K. Fujita

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:623-625 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013775611198

Some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes produced husk leaves without leaf blades. However, the physiological implication of this leaf deformity is unclear. Difference in protein pattern was observed between maize with and without husk leaf blades. A clear band around 38[sim ]40 kDa in seeds of maize genotypes without husk leaf blades appeared, while it was not detected in ones with husk leaf blades. These protein might be involved in leaf blade intiation.

Interactions between Cadmium and Nickel in Phytochelatin Biosynthesis and the Detoxification of the Two Metals in Suspension-Cultured Tobacco Cells

R. Nakazawa, T. Ozawa, T. Naito, Y. Kameda, H. Takenaga

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:627-630 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013727728036

We examined the effects of simultaneous treatments with Cd and Ni on the phytochelatin (PC) biosynthesis in suspension-cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum cv. Bright Yellow-2) cells. The induction of PC biosynthesis in response to Cd was not affected by the coexistence of Ni. Cd and Ni formed complexes with different compounds in cells.

Response of Zea mays to the Inoculation with Azospirillum on Nitrogen Metabolism under Greenhouse Conditions

C.M. Ribaudo, D.P. Rondanini, J.A. Curá, A.A. Fraschina

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:631-634 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013779712106

The maize (Zea mays L.) plants inoculated by N₂-fixing bacterium Azospirillum showed increased activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in root cells free extracts over uninoculated control plants. Maximum differences in NADH-GDH activity were observed during the second and third weeks after sowing. The specific activity of GS showed a greater increase at the end of the assay. The percentage of nitrogen in leaves, root and foliage length, total fresh mass and nitrogenase activity were higher in inoculated plants than in the control ones.

Assessment of Allelopathic Potential of Root Exudate of Rice Seedlings

H. Kato-Noguchi, T. Ino

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:635-638 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013731828945

To determine the allelopathic potential of root exudate from early developmental stage of rice (Oryza sativa L), 6-d-old seedlings of eight cultivars were grown with 3-d-old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), cress (Lepidium sativum L.) or lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings in Petri dishes under controlled condition. All rice cultivars (cv. Norin 8, Kamenoo, Nipponbare, Kinuhikari, Koshihikari, Sasanishiki, Yukihikari and Hinohikari) inhibited growth of roots, shoots and fresh mass of alfalfa, cress and lettuce seedlings. Effectiveness of cv. Koshihikari was the greatest and more than 60% inhibition was recorded in all bioassays,...

Vymazal, J., Brix, H., Cooper, P.F., Green, M.B., Haberl, R. (ed.): Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Europe

J. Květ

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:639-640 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013700416649

Author Index

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:1-2 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1017497300720

Subject and Plant Index

Biologia plantarum 2001, 44:3-8 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1017404517558