Photosynthetica - Ahead of Print

Effects of cadmium exposure on the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense system in two radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars

J. XIN, X.H. ZHAO, Q.L. TAN, X.C. SUN, Y.Y. ZHAO, C.X. HU

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.076

Radish is representative root vegetable; its edible parts are directly in contact with Cd-contaminated fields. Two radish cultivars (H4 and L19) with different resistance to Cd were selected to compare their growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant systems. Our results revealed that H4 was more sensitive to Cd pollution than L19; a significant decrease in the biomass of H4 was observed at higher Cd concentrations. With increasing Cd concentrations, the net photosynthetic rate, effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, electron transport rate through PSII, and photochemical quenching were all lowered, however, reductions were more obvious in H4...

Chlorophyll fluorescence for prediction of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) susceptibility to drought

K. JUZOŃ, I. CZYCZYŁO-MYSZA, A. OSTROWSKA, I. MARCIŃSKA, E. SKRZYPEK

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.102

Drought has become an essential environmental factor limiting plant productivity. In order to detect differences in chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence, Chl concentration (in SPAD units), and yield parameters of yellow lupin ('Morocco 4' and 'Taper') and pea ('Wenus' and 'SZD165'), drought stress was initiated by withholding water for 14 d (25% of field water capacity). A significant decrease of leaf relative water content was found in tested cultivars. SPAD values did not show significant changes in all cultivars. The maximum photochemical efficiency and area over the Chl a fluorescence induction curve decreased in both species under drought....

Characterization of the ecophysiological responses of three pomegranate cultivars to salinity

A. OLMO, F. GARCIA-SANCHEZ, I. SIMON, V. LIDON, M. ALFOSEA-SIMON, J.M. CAMARA-ZAPATA, J.J. MARTINEZ-NICOLAS, S. SIMON-GRAO

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.103

In order to understand photosynthetic responses of pomegranate plants (Punica granatum L.) to salinity, an experiment was conducted with three varieties, 'Mollar de Elche', 'Valenciana', and 'Wonderful', irrigated with seven salt concentrations (0, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 mM NaCl). At the end of the experiment, parameters of gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations, and sugar and chloride concentrations were measured in leaves. As the concentration of NaCl increased, the concentration of Cl^- in leaves was elevated, and the CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence...

Effects of polyamines on agronomic traits and photosynthetic physiology of wheat under high temperature stress

J.G. JING, S.Y. GUO, Y.F. LI, W.H. LI

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.104

Two spring wheat varieties were used to study alleviating effects of exogenous spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) on agronomic traits and photosynthesis under high temperature treatment (HT). Our results showed that HT significantly decreased grain mass per panicle of heat-resistant variety (XC 6) by 25% and heat-sensitive variety (XC 31) by 32%. After HT, i.e., at 13 d after flowering, the decrease in net photosynthetic rate of XC 6 (38%) was lower than that of XC 31 (53%); the reason for this was related to XC 6, which could maintain correspondingly normal chlorophyll content (Chl), stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration...

Selenium improves the transport dynamics and energy conservation of the photosynthetic apparatus of in vitro grown Billbergia zebrina (Bromeliaceae)

A.F.C. SOUZA, J.P.R. MARTINS, A.B.P.L. GONTIJO, A.R. FALQUETO

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.105

Selenium (Se) is a nonessential element to plants. However, Se is known to have a beneficial effect when present in low concentrations (Pilon-Smith et al. 2009). Several studies have demonstrated multiple impacts of Se on plant physiology, such as increased biomass production (Chen et al. 2014, Jiang et al. 2015, Feng et al. 2016), delayed senescence (Xue et al. 2001), increased tolerance to oxidative damage (Feng et al. 2013, Diao et al. 2014, Qing et al. 2015, Tang et al. 2015), increased production of carotenoid pigments (Ning et al. 2016), higher tolerance to photooxidative stresses...

Development and aging of photosynthetic apparatus of Vitis vinifera L. during growing season

K. SITKO, S. RUSINOWSKI, M. POGRZEBA, A. DASZKOWSKA-GOLEC, Ż. GIEROŃ, H.M. KALAJI, E. MAŁKOWSKI

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.107

The aim of this study was to examine the development and aging of chosen grapevine leaves in situ during the growing season (130 d) using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence measurements and determining the changes in pigment contents. During the course of photosystems development, the increase of Chl and decrease of anthocyanin contents in leaves was observed simultaneously. On 28^th day, the maximum content of Chl and minimum content of anthocyanins was measured. However, the maximal photosynthetic performance was found one week later, when the content of Chl started to diminish. Our study proved that the achievement of maximal...

Exogenous calcium-induced physiological and biochemical changes in tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) under drought stress

X.Y. ZHANG, Z.W. FANG, H.N. LIU, D.Q. ZHAO, J. TAO

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.108

Tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) is an excellent ornamental plant, of which Paeonia ostii (P. ostii) has a high oil value. It is widely cultivated in China, but severe drought affects its growth. In this study, the effects of exogenous calcium on drought-induced damage of P. ostii were studied. The results showed that under drought stress, leaf water content showed a downward trend, while reactive oxygen species (ROS), relative electrical conductivity (REC), proline (Pro) content, and related antioxidant enzymes increased significantly. Spraying CaCl₂ could effectively slow leaf wilting and water...

Photosynthesis in reciprocal grafts of drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars of soybean under water stress

S.Y. LI, W.B. WANG, X.D. YAO, C.L. WANG, Y.Q. CAO, L.J. ZHANG, H.J. ZHANG, F.T. XIE, S.H. SONG

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.109

Maintaining greater photosynthetic performance is important to improve drought resistance in soybean. However, photosynthetic response mechanisms to drought via the interaction between root and shoot remain to be clarified. Here, we investigated the roles of roots and shoots in photosynthetic responses to water stress. Grafted plants of drought-tolerant cultivar L14 and drought-sensitive cultivar L21 were grown in the pot-culture experiments. Some photosynthetic and physiological traits were measured after water-stress treatments during a podding stage. The L14 as rootstock showed a stronger growth vigor under water stress, leading to increases...

Photosynthesis response to severe water deficit in terminal stems of Myriolimon ferulaceum

M.À. CONESA, J. GALMÉS

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.110

Myriolimon ferulaceum is a leafless species and close relative to Limonium inhabiting the same harsh environments in the rocky coast and salt marshes, with discontinuous distribution in western and central coast of the Mediterranean Basin and southern Iberian Peninsula. In order to test for the drought adaptive importance of photosynthesis in stems, and to decipher advantages and drawbacks of stem vs. leaf photosynthesis under drought conditions, M. ferulaceum was grown under the well-watered and severe water deficit conditions used in previous experiments with Limonium. Growth, stem anatomy, photosynthesis and gas exchange,...

Effect of intercropping on leaf senescence related to physiological metabolism in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)

X.W. GONG, C.J. LIU, U. FERDINAND, K. DANG, G. ZHAO, P. YANG, B.L. FENG

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.112

The field experiments were conducted to explore the changes in metabolism related to leaf senescence in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) under proso millet/mung bean intercropping system. Results showed that intercropping increased leaf photosynthesis, as measured by the increased net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, and decreased nonphotochemical quenching coefficient. These responses resulted in the increased leaf number and area and reduced yellowing leaf rate; leaf photosynthetic capacity was maintained for longer periods. Such improvements occurred due to enhanced activities of protective...

Exogenous ascorbic acid delayed leaf senescence of early flowering rice mutant FTL10

Q.L. ZHANG, W.Q. DING, Y.X. WEI, H. GAO, C.L. PENG

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.113

FTL10 is an early flowering mutant of OsFTL10-suppressed transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) with premature senescence phenotype. Early leaf senescence can cause negative effects on rice yield, therefore delaying leaf senescence and prolonging the leaf functional stage is one of the important approaches to increase the rice yield. It is well known that ascorbic acid (AsA) is involved in regulating plant growth. To explore the effect of AsA on leaf senescence of FTL10, we treated rice leaves with 0.28 mM AsA. Results showed that total antioxidant capacity was higher and reactive oxygen species were lower in the AsA-treated group. The expression...

Foliar application of selenium (Se) at heading stage induces regulation of photosynthesis, yield formation, and quality characteristics in fragrant rice

H.W. LUO, L.X. HE, B. DU, Z.M. WANG, A.X. ZHENG, R.F. LAI, X.R. TANG

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.114

In order to study the effect of foliar application of sodium selenate on fragrant rice performance at the heading stage, the present study was conducted with two fragrant rice cultivars, 'Meixiangzhan-2' and 'Xiangyaxiangzhan'. At the heading stage, six concentrations of sodium selenate solution (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μmol L^-1) were sprinkled to plants. Our results showed that foliar application of sodium selenate increased chlorophyll contents in rice leaves and upregulated net photosynthetic rate at the grain-filling stage. The enhancement was observed in grain yield, seed-setting rate, and in 1,000-grain mass. The highest yield...

Mitigation mechanism of ozone-induced reduction in net photosynthesis of Bangladeshi wheat under soil salinity stress

M.Z.U. KAMAL, M. YAMAGUCHI, Y. KINOSE, T. IZUTA

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.115

To clarify the combined effects of O₃ and soil salinity on net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and radical scavenging system of Bangladeshi spring wheat cv. BAW1059, plants were grown in two soil salinity levels (irrigated with 0 and 150 mM NaCl solutions) and exposed to three O₃ concentrations [charcoal-filtered air (CF), 1.0-fold the ambient O₃ concentration (1.0×O₃), and 1.5-fold the ambient O₃ concentration (1.5×O₃)]. The soil salinity mitigated adverse effects of O₃ on net photosynthesis in the 7^th and flag leaves. The soil salinity did not induce...

Advances in the members and biosynthesis of chlorophyll family

N.W. QIU, D.C. JIANG, X.S. WANG, B.S. WANG, F. ZHOU

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.116

Chlorophylls are vital for photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light for photosynthesis. More than one hundred species of chlorophyll have been identified. Among them, chlorophylls a, b, c (c₁, c₂, and c₃), d, and f exist in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (e.g., higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria), whereas anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria possess bacteriochlorophylls a, b, c, d, e, and g. These chlorophylls have different chemical structures and properties that enable photosynthetic organisms...

Cotton leaf photosynthetic characteristics, biomass production, and their correlation analysis under different irrigation and phosphorus application

J.H. LI, Y.Y. WANG, N.N. LI, R.H. ZHAO, A. KHAN, J. WANG, H.H. LUO

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.118

Water and fertilizer application are the yield improvement approaches in cotton production, especially in arid regions. We hypothesized that irrigation and phosphorus fertilization regimes would enhance cotton leaf photosynthesis capacity. We examined two irrigation levels, i.e., normal irrigation (W₁: 3,750 m³ hm^-2) and limited irrigation (W₂: 2,500 m³ hm^-2), combined with no phosphorus (P₀) and P application (P₁: applying P₂O₅ with the ratio of the fertilizer to dry soil being 0.15 g kg^-1). Leaf area (LA), net photosynthetic...

Whole leaf photosynthetic light response in a carnivorous plant species Sarracenia alata

K.A. HOPKINS, D.A. GRAVATT

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.119

Photosynthetic light-response curves of mature leaves of Sarracenia alata were generated and characterized using a custom built chamber (2.79 L) capable of accommodating whole leaves, or pitchers, coupled to a LI-COR 6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System. In addition to generating light-response curves, chlorophyll content, leaf area, and dry mass measurements were obtained for each pitcher. Gas-exchange variables from the light-response curves are reported on a leaf area and dry mass basis. Calculated light-saturated photosynthesis was found to be 2.09 µmol(CO₂) m^-2 s^-1 with a light-saturation...

Photosynthetic induction is slower in young leaves than in mature leaves in a tropical invader, Chromolaena odorata

S.B. ZHANG, Y.J. HAO, Q.L. DENG

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.120

Chromolaena odorata is a noxious invasive perennial herb in tropics and subtropics throughout the world. However, photosynthetic induction of this invader is not well understood. Here, we measured the induction of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in young and mature leaves of Chromolaena odorata. During photosynthetic induction, the young leaves exhibited higher biochemical and total limitations to photosynthesis than that of the mature leaves. Photosynthetic induction in this invader was affected by a mix of biochemical and stomatal limitations. Under a strong photosynthetic photon flux density, nonphotochemical quenching was rapidly...

Factors playing role in heat acclimation processes in barley and oat plants

É. DARKÓ, R. KHALIL, N. ELSAYED, M. PÁL, K.Á. HAMOW, G. SZALAI, J. TAJTI, Q.T. NGUYEN, N.T. NGUYEN, V.N. LE, T. JANDA

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.122

In the present study, the heat acclimation processes (growing at 30/27°C for 2 weeks) in spring and winter varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., varieties 'Conchita' and 'Mv Initium') and oat (Avena sativa L., varieties 'Mv Pehely' and 'Mv Hópehely') were characterized. Temperature dependence of certain chlorophyll a fluorescence induction parameters indicated the efficiency of heat acclimation. Heat treatment induced the activity of glutathinone-S-transferase, but decreased the amounts of the major polyamines. A significant increase in cadaverine content was found in 'Conchita'. 1,3-diaminopropane contents after heat acclimation...

Epiphytic orchids Stanhopea tigrina and Prosthechea cochleata are differentially affected by drought in a subtropical cloud forest

C.I. GUEVARA-PÉREZ, P. DELGADO-SÁNCHEZ, J.A. TORRES-CASTILLO, J.D. FLORES-RIVAS, G. MENDIETA-LEIVA, E. DE LA ROSA-MANZANO

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.123

We investigated the physiological responses of two epiphytic orchids under three light regimes of 20, 50, and 70% of total daily radiation under drought and rewatering conditions. Stanhopea tigrina was the one more affected because it exhibited strong photoinhibition and reduction of both electron transport rate and nocturnal acidity under drought and high radiation. However, this species maintained relatively high relative water content (RWC) values and underwent osmotic adjustment during the drought period and recovered photosynthetic variables during watered period. Prosthechea cochleata maintained similar water and photosynthetic...

Changes in photosynthesis, chloroplast ultrastructure, and antioxidant metabolism in leaves of sorghum under waterlogging stress

R.D. ZHANG, Y.F. ZHOU, Z.X. YUE, X.F. CHEN, X. CAO, X.X. XU, Y.F. XING, B. JIANG, X.Y. AI, R.D. HUANG

Photosynthetica X:X | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2019.124

Waterlogging limits plant growth and yield. We investigated the effects of waterlogging stress on leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant capacity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Two sorghum cultivars, Jinuoliang01 (JN01, waterlogging-tolerant cultivar) and Jinza31 (JZ31, waterlogging-sensitive cultivar) were subjected to a 12-d waterlogging treatment; the plants of the two cultivars which were not subjected to waterlogging were used as control (CK), respectively. After waterlogging treatment, the yield of JZ31 and JN01 decreased by 72.3 and 52.9%, the net photosynthetic rate of JZ31...