Photoinhibition in Chilling Stressed Wheat and Maize

F.C. Lidon, A.S. Loureiro, D.E. Vieira, E.A. Bilhó, P. Nobre, R. Costa

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):161-166 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013726303948

At chilling stress, the contents of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly in maize, but in wheat the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) remained unchanged whereas the contents of total carotenoids (Car) increased. In both species the contents of α+β carotene and lutein + lutein-5,6-epoxide remained unaffected, but the de-epoxidation state involving the components of the xanthophyll cycle increased. Under chilling stress the photosynthetic electron transport also displayed a general failure in maize but in wheat only photosystem (PS) 2 coupled to the water oxidation complex was inhibited. Moreover, in stressed maize the quinone pool...

Cultivar Differences in Photosynthetic Tolerance to Photooxidation and Shading in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Jiao Demao, Li Xia

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):167-175 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013758504857

Forty-four genotypes from the rice germplasm were identified under photoinhibition/photooxidation and shade conditions and divided into four basic types: (1) cultivars tolerant to both photooxidation and shading, (2) cultivars tolerant to photooxidation but sensitive to shading, (3) cultivars tolerant to shading but sensitive to photooxidation, and (4) cultivars sensitive to both photooxidation and shading. Photosynthetic characteristics of a cultivar tolerant (cv. Wuyugeng 3) and a cultivar sensitive (cv. Xiangxian) to photooxidation and shading were compared. The photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) of...

Chegwidden, W.R., Carter, N.D., Edwards, Y.H. (ed.): The Carbonic Anhydrases: New Horizons

J. Květoň

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):176 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013730031207

Effects of Irradiance-Sulphur Interactions on Enzymes of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulphur Metabolism in Maize Plants

S. Astolfi, M.G. De Biasi, C. Passera

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):177-181 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013762605766

The effect of sulphur deprivation and irradiance (180 and 750 µmol m^-2 s^-1) on plant growth and enzyme activities of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur metabolism were studied in maize (Zea mays L. Pioneer cv. Latina) plants over a 15-d-period of growth. Increase in irradiance resulted in an enhancement of several enzyme activities and generally accelerated the development of S deficiency. ATP sulphurylase (ATPs; EC 2.7.7.4) and o-acetylserine sulphydrylase (OASs; EC 4.2.99.8) showed a particular and different pattern as both enzymes exhibited maximum activity after 10 d from the beginning of deprivation period....

Follett, R.F., Kimble, J.M., Lal, R. (ed.): The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effects

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):182 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013769712551

Photosynthetic Electron Transport, Photophosphorylation, and Antioxidants in Two Ecotypes of Reed (Phragmites Communis Trin.) from Different Habitats

X.Y. Zhu, G.C. Chen, C.L. Zhang

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):183-189 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013766722604

We compared chloroplast photochemical properties and activities of some chloroplast-localised enzymes in two ecotypes of Phragmites communis, swamp reed (SR, C₃-like) and dune reed (DR, C₄-like) plants growing in the desert region of north-west China. Electron transport rates of whole electron transport chain and photosystem (PS) 2 were remarkably lower in DR chloroplasts. However, the electron transport rate for PS1 in DR chloroplasts was more than 90 % of the activity similar in the SR chloroplasts. Activities of Mg²⁺-ATPase and cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylations were higher in DR chloroplasts than...

Bovey, R.W.: Woody Plants and Woody Plant Management. Ecology, Safety, and Environmental Impact

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):190 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013725930298

The Effect of Leaf Age on Gas Exchange and Malate Accumulation in C₃-CAM Plant Marrubium Frivaldszkyanum (Lamiaceae)

Y.K. Markovska, D.S. Dimitrov

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):191-195 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013718806674

For the first time the expression of C₃ and CAM in the leaves of different age of Marrubium frivaldszkyanum Boiss, is reported. With increasing leaf age a typical C₃ photosynthesis pattern and high transpiration rate were found. In older leaves a shift to CAM occurred and the 24-h transpiration water loss decreased. A correlation was established between leaf area and accumulation of malate. Water loss at early stages of leaf expansion may be connected with the shift to CAM and the water economy of the whole plant.

Burga, C.A., Kratochwil, A. (ed.): Biomonitoring: General and Applied Aspects on Regional and Global Scales

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):196 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013777914369

Plant Growth Based on Interrelation between Carbon and Nitrogen Translocation from Leaves

M. Osaki, T. Shinano

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):197-203 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013770807583

In individual leaves, the photon-saturated photosynthetic activity (P_sat, expressed on a dry mass basis) was closely related to the nitrogen content (Nc) as follows: P_sat = Cf Nc + P_sat0, where Cf and P_sat0 are constants. On a whole plant basis, the relative growth rate (RGR) was closely related to Nc in canopy leaf as follows: RGR = DMf Nc + RGR₀, where DMf and RGR₀ are constants. However, the coefficients Cf and DMf were markedly different among plant species. To explain these differences, it is suggested that carbon assimilation (or dry matter production)...

García-Campaña, A.M., Baeyens, W.R.G. (ed.): Chemiluminescence in Analytical Chemistry

J. Nauš

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):204 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013734132115

Ontogenetic Changes of Photosynthetic and Dark Respiration Rates in Relation to Nitrogen Content in Individual Leaves of Field Crops

M. Osaki, T. Shinano, T. Kaneda, S. Yamada, T. Nakamura

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):205-213 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013774908492

Ontogenetic changes of rates of photon-saturated photosynthesis (P_sat) and dark respiration (R_D) of individual leaves were examined in relation to nitrogen content (Nc) in rice, winter wheat, maize, soybean, field bean, tomato, potato, and beet. P_sat was positively correlated with Nc as follows: P_sat = CfNc + P_sat0, where Cf and P_sat0 are coefficients. The value of Cf was high in maize, medium in rice and soybean, and low in field bean, potato, tomato, and beet, of which difference was not explained by ribulose-1,5-bisphoshate carboxylase/oxygenase...

Alley, M.: The Craft of Editing. A Guide for Managers, Scientists, and Engineers

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):214 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013721813460

Carbon Fixation by the Peculiar Marine Diatom Haslea Ostrearia

G. Tremblin, J. M. Robert

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):215-220 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013779125330

During batch culture of Haslea ostrearia the highest carbon (¹⁴C) fixation rate was found in vivo in cells that did not accumulate the blue pigment marennine (green form). This fixation rate decreased concomitantly with the accumulation of marennine. In vitro, no phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity was detected, but nearly equivalent activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were found in the green form. However, the activity of RuBPC was lower than that of PEPCK during marennine accumulation. In vitro carboxylase activities were strongly...

Responses of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Protein Content, and Stomatal Conductance to Water Deficit in Maize, Tomato, and Bean

M. Castrillo, D. Fernandez, A.M. Calcagno, I. Trujillo, L. Guenni

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):221-226 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013731210309

We compared responses of maize, tomato, and bean plants to water stress. Maize reached a severe water deficit (leaf water potential -1.90 MPa) in a longer period of time as compared with tomato and bean plants. Maize stomatal conductance (g_s) decreased at mild water deficit. g_s of tomato and bean decreased gradually and did not reach values as low as in maize. The protein content was maintained in maize and decreased at low water potential (ψ_w); in tomato it fluctuated and also decreased at low ψ_w; in bean it gradually decreased. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity...

Regulation Mechanism of Excitation Energy Transfer in Phycobilisome-Thylakoid Membrane Complexes

Ye Li, Jianping Zhang, Jingquan Zhao, Lijing Jiang

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):227-232 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013787327147

Regulation mechanism of excitation energy transfer between phycobilisomes (PBS) and the photosynthetic reaction centres was studied by the state transition techniques in PBS-thylakoid membrane complexes. DCMU, betaine, and N-ethylmaleimide were applied to search for the details of energy transfer properties based on the steady fluorescence measurement and individual deconvolution spectra at state 2 or state 1. The closure of photosystem (PS) 2 did not influence on fluorescence yields of PS1, i.e., energy could not spill to PS1 from PS2. When the energy transfer pathway from PBS to PS1 was disturbed, the relative fluorescence yield of PS2 was...

Carbon Dioxide Assimilation, Transpiration, and Leaf Conductance of Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Blue and Red Radiation

S. Maleszewski, E. Niemyjska, B. Kozlowska-Szerenos

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):233-237 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013739428056

In bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings well supplied with water, rates of transpiration (E) and CO₂ assimilation (P_N) of the primary leaves were measured under blue (BR) or red (RR) irradiance of 150 µmol(photon) m^-2 s^-1. The leaf conductance to H₂O vapour transfer (g_H2O), as well as the intercellular concentrations of H₂O vapour (e_i) and of CO₂ (C_i) were calculated. Under BR, g_H2O was significantly greater, but P_N was lower, and E similar as compared...

Machamer, P., Pera, M., Baltas, A. (ed.): Scientific Controversies

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):238 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013786116186

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Non-Leaf Organs of Winter Wheat Cultivars Differing in Ear Type and their Relationship with Grain Mass Per Ear

Zhi-Min Wang, Ai-Li Wei, Dan-Man Zheng

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):239-244 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013743523029

Chlorophyll content, photosystem 2 functioning (F_v/F_m, F_v/F₀), activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and net photosynthetic rates (P_N) of flag leaf blade, sheath, peduncle, and ear organs were assessed in large-ear type (Pin 7) and small-ear type (ND93) wheat cultivars. Some differences were found in photosynthetic properties between different green plant parts, the values of all studied parameters in ear parts being higher in Pin7 than in ND93. Furthermore, ear surface areas and ear P_N in 26 wheat genotypes measured at anthesis showed highly significant...

The Effect of Photoautotrophy on Photosynthesis and Photoinhibition of Gardenia Plantlets during Micropropagation

M.D. Serret, M.I. Trillas, J. Matas, J.L. Araus

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):245-255 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013745007100

We studied the relationships between the degree of photoautotrophy, photosynthetic capacity, and extent of photoinhibition of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis plantlets in vitro. Two successive micropropagation stages (shoot multiplication and root induction), and three culture conditions [tube cap closure, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and sucrose concentration] which may influence the development of photoautotrophy in vitro were assayed. The ratios of variable chlorophyll fluorescence to either maximal (F_v/F_m) or ground (F_v/F₀) values were low, irrespective of the culture stage...

Abdullaev, Kh.A., Karimov, Kh.Kh.: Indeksy Fotosinteza v Selektsii Khlopchatnika

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):256 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013782015277

Different Patterns of Gas Exchange and Photochemical Efficiency in Three Desert Shrub Species Under Two Natural Temperatures and Irradiances in Mu Us Sandy Area of China

G.M. Jiang, G.J. Zhu

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):257-262 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013797023938

Field studies of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of three desert shrub species, Hedysarum fruticosum var. mongolicum, Artemisia ordosia, and Salix pasmmophylla, showed different patterns under different leaf temperature (T₁) and incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). H. fruticosum var. mongolicum and A. ordosia exhibited higher P_N and g_s than S. pasmmophylla, especially under very high T₁ (>46 °C) and high PPFD (>2 100 µmol m^-2 s^-1) in hot summer. The decreases of P_N...

Juniper Shade Enables Terricolous Lichens and Mosses to Maintain High Photochemical Efficiency in a Semiarid Temperate Sand Grassland

T. Kalapos, K. Mázsa

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):263-268 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013749108008

On a semiarid sand grassland (Festucetum vaginatae) colonised by juniper (Juniperus communis L.) shrubs terricolous lichens and mosses segregate strongly between microhabitats: certain species grow in the open grassland, others almost exclusively in the shade of junipers. The contrasting irradiances of these microhabitats influence much the metabolism of these organisms, and thus affect their small-scale distribution. This was confirmed by determining the efficiency of photochemical energy conversion by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. In the open grassland maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2,...

Enhanced Thermal Energy Dissipation Depending on Xanthophyll Cycle and D1 Protein Turnover in Iron-Deficient Maize Leaves Under High Irradiance

Chuang-Dao Jiang, Hui-Yuan Gao, Qi Zou

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):269-274 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013701224847

Pigment contents of chloroplasts and net photosynthetic rate were dramatically reduced in maize leaves suffering from iron deficiency. However, the reduction in photosynthesis was probably not caused by decreased contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids and by photon absorption; the primary limiting factor for photosynthesis may rather be the decrease of electron transport activity in photosystem 1. Iron-deficient leaves suffered serious acceptor-side photoinhibition, and more than 60 % of absorbed photons were dissipated, while less than 40 % was used in photochemical reaction. Thermal energy dissipation depending on xanthophyll cycle and D1 protein...

Effect of Elevated CO₂ on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rose Plants Grown at High Temperature and High Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density

L. Urban, L. Barthélémy, P. Bearez, P. Pyrrha

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):275-281 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013753208917

Gas exchange and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence were measured on young mature leaves of rose plants (Rosa hybrida cvs. First Red and Twingo) grown in two near-to-tight greenhouses, one under control ambient CO₂ concentration, AC (355 µmol mol^-1) and one under CO₂ enrichment, EC (700 µmol mol^-1), during four flushes from late June to early November. Supply of water and mineral elements was non-limiting while temperature was allowed to rise freely during daytime. Leaf diffusive conductance was not significantly reduced at EC but net photosynthetic rate increased by more than 100 %. Although...

Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Water Use Efficiency of Two Puccinellia Species on the Songnen Grassland, Northeastern China

R.Z. Wang, Y.Q. Yuan

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):283-287 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013705325755

The intra- and inter-specific variations in net photosynthetic (P_N) and transpiration (E) rates and water use efficiency (WUE) of Puccinellia tenuiflora and Puccinellia chinampoensis leaves were compared. The two species experienced a similar habitat, but differed in leaf area, leaf colour, and nitrogen contents. Leaf P_N and E for both reproductive and vegetative shoots of the two species declined with leaf age. P_N for reproductive shoots was less than for vegetative shoots, but their E was greater than that of vegetative shoots in the dry season. The average P_N...

Effect of Long Term Exposure to High CO₂ Concentrations on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Prunus Avium L. Plants

A. Druţă

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):289-297 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013757309826

The effect of two elevated carbon dioxide concentrations, 700 µmol(CO₂) mol^-1 (C700) and 1 400 µmol(CO₂) mol^-1 (C1400), on photosynthetic performances of 1-year-old Prunus avium L. plant was studied. Plants grown at C700 were characterised by increased net photosynthetic rate (P_N) as compared to those grown at C1400. Plant photosynthetic adjustment to C1400 resulted in 27 % higher P_N than in control at atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) at the beginning of the experiment (3-4 weeks) with a consequent decline to the end of the...

Purification and Some Catalytic Properties of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Isoforms from Barley Leaves

A. Semenihina, T. Popova, C. Schnarrenberger, M.A.A. Pinheiro De Carvalho

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):299-304 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013709426664

The cytosolic and chloroplastic isoforms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G₆PDH) were separated and purified from barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.). In etiolated leaves, only the cytosolic isoform was expressed. The molecular mass of the cytosolic enzyme, G₆PDH₁, was 112±8 kDa and that of the chloroplast enzyme, G₆PDH₂, was 136±7 kDa. The K_m values for glucose-6-phosphate and NADP were 0.133 and 0.041 mM for G₆PDH₁, and 0.275 and 0.062 mM for G₆PDH₂, respectively. The pH optimum was 8.2 for G₆PDH₁...

Leaf Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration and Fluorescence as Influenced by Leaf Age in an Evergreen Tree, Prosopis Juliflora

P.A. Shirke

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):305-311 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013761410734

P. juliflora trees produce leaves during two growth periods. The first cohort of leaves is produced during spring in cool conditions, while the second cohort is produced during monsoon under warm conditions. I studied photosynthetic characteristics of young, mature, and old leaves of the previous season (monsoon) in the spring season. Maximum net photosynthetic rate of a young leaf was lower than that of the mature and old leaves. The total CO₂ fixed per day by the young leaves was just 36 % of that in the mature leaves while the old leaves fixed 76 % of that of the mature leaf. The total transpiration rate and water use efficiency...

Influence of the Herbicide Chlortoluron on Photosynthetic Activity in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

E. Yordanova, K. Georgieva, N. Gorinova, Y. Yordanov

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):313-316 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013713511643

Photosynthetic activity of leaf disks from chlortoluron (2 µmol per plant) treated and non-treated non-transgenic and transgenic (PGF-6) tobacco plants was measured from 1 up to 21 d after treatment under greenhouse conditions. PGF-6 plants, expressing the fused rat cytochrome P4501A1/yeast reductase genes were used. PGF-6 plants were much more chlortoluron-resistant than control plants. In non-transgenic tobacco plants the electron transport flow to PQ pool was strongly inhibited 1 d after treatment with herbicide whereas it was still existing in PGF-6 plants although some reduction was observed. The quantum yield of photosystem 2 (Φ_PS2)...

Responses of Nine Bryophyte and One Lichen Species from Different Microhabitats to Elevated UV-B Radiation

Z. Csintalan, Z. Tuba, Z. Takács, E. Laitat

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(2):317-320 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1013717628481

Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F_v/F_m, R_Fd) of nine bryophyte and one lichen species were investigated after prolonged exposure to elevated UV-B radiation. The majority of the investigated bryophytes showed a prompt or inducible tolerance to increase UV-B irradiation. Among the investigated species high degree of UV-tolerance coincides with strong desiccation tolerance.