Photosynthetica 2011, 49(1):127-139 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-011-0021-3

Photosynthesis, chloroplast ultrastructure, chemical composition and oxidative stress in Theobroma cacao hybrids with the lethal gene Luteus-Pa mutant

B. C. Rehem1, A. A. F. Almeida1,*, I. C. Santos1, F. P. Gomes1, C. P. Pirovani1, P. A. O. Mangabeira1, R. X. Corrêa1, M. M. Yamada2, R. R. Valle2
1 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (DCB/UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
2 Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPEC/CEPLAC), Itabuna, BA, Brazil

The Theobroma lethal character Luteus-Pa segregates in a 3:1 ratio, expresses in recessive homozygosis, initially inducing leaf chlorosis and finally provoking seedlings death. The objective of this work was to evaluate gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence emission, chemical composition and oxidative stress of wild and mutant seedlings resulting from the crosses Pa 30 × Pa 169 and its reciprocal, aiming to elucidate the seedlings death induced by Luteus-Pa. At 15 day after emergence (DAE) differences began to appear between the wild type and mutant. Mutant seedlings showed: (1) lack of photosynthesis and alterations in chloroplast morphology; (2) lower level of three abundant groups of proteins in leaves; (3) decrease in the content of chloroplastidic pigments (4) decrease in peroxidases activities and increase in leaf polyphenol oxidase activity; (5) decrease in carbohydrate and concentration of some nutrients and low dry mass in all plant parts. In leaves of mutant seedlings of both crosses damages occurred in the system responsible for the photochemical phase of photosynthesis. Variations in growth parameters and subsequent seedling death up to 60 DAE were related to exhaustion of cotyledonary reserves, inactive photosynthetic apparatus and oxidative stress.

Keywords: cacao; lethal gene; mutants; Parinari; photosystem II

Received: May 11, 2010; Accepted: February 4, 2011; Published: March 1, 2011Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Rehem, B.C., Almeida, A.A.F., Santos, I.C., Gomes, F.P., Pirovani, C.P., Mangabeira, P.A.O., ... Valle, R.R. (2011). Photosynthesis, chloroplast ultrastructure, chemical composition and oxidative stress in Theobroma cacao hybrids with the lethal gene Luteus-Pa mutant. Photosynthetica, 49(1), 127-139. doi: 10.1007/s11099-011-0021-3.
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)

    • Open full article

    References

    1. Alba, C.M., Forchetti, S.M., Tigier, H.A.: Phenoloxidase of peach (Prunus persica) endocarp: Its relationship with peroxidases and lignification. - Physiol. Plant. 109: 382-387, 2000. Go to original source...
    2. Almeida, A-A.F., Valle, R.R.: Ecophysiology of the cacao tree. - Braz. J. Plant. Phys. 19: 425-448, 2007. Go to original source...
    3. Almeida, A.-A.F., Valle, R.R., Serrano Minar, P.: Photosynthesis and associated metabolism during development of a Theobroma cacao hybrid with the lethal factor Luteus-Pa. - Photosynthetica 35: 47-60, 1998. Go to original source...
    4. Baker, N.R.: Chlorophyll fluorescence: A probe of photosynthesis in vivo. - Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 59: 89-113, 2008. Go to original source...
    5. Bartley, B.G.D.: The Genetic Diversity of Cacao and its Utilization. - CABI Publishing, Cambridge 2005. Go to original source...
    6. Bartley, B.G.D., Yamada, M.M., Castro, G.C.T., Melo, G.R.P.: Genetics of Theobroma cacao: occurrence of lethal factor 'Luteus - Pa' in series Parinari. - Theobroma 13: 275-278, 1983.
    7. Braga, J.M., Defelipo, B.: [Spectrophotometric determination of phosphorus in soil extracts and plants.] - Rev. Ceres 21: 73-85, 1974. [In Portuguese.]
    8. Bohn, T., Walczyk, T.: Determination of chlorophyll in plant samples by liquid chromatography using zinc-phthalocyanine as an internal standard. - J. Chrom. A 1024: 123-128, 2004.
    9. Clegg, K.M.: The application of the anthrone reagent to the estimation of starch in cereals. - J. Sci. Food. Agric. 7: 40-44, 1956. Go to original source...
    10. Dogan, S., Arslan, O., Ozen, F.: Polyphenol oxidase activity of oregano at different stages. - Food Chem. 91: 341-345, 2005. Go to original source...
    11. Escalona, J.M., Flexas, J., Medrano, H.: Stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis under water stress in field-grown grapevines. - Austr. J. Plant Phys. 26: 421-433, 1999. Go to original source...
    12. Farquhar, G.D., Sharkey, T.D.: Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. - Annu. Rev. Plant Phys. 33: 317-345, 1982. Go to original source...
    13. Gaspar, T., Penel, C., Castillo, F.J., Greppin, H.A.: A two-step control of basic and acidic peroxidase and significance for growth and development. - Physiol. Plant. 64: 418-423, 1985. Go to original source...
    14. Goldberg, R., Imbeerty, A., Liberman, M., Prat, R.: Relationship between peroxidatic activities and cell plasticity. - In: Greepin, H., Penel, C., Gasper, J.R.T. (ed.): Molecular and Physiological Aspects of Plant Peroxidases. Pp. 208-220. Univ. Geneva, Geneva 1986.
    15. Hiscox, J.D., Israelstam, G.F.: A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. - Can. J. Bot. 57: 1332-1334, 1979. Go to original source...
    16. Holley, S.R., Yalamanchili, R.D., Moura, D.S., Ryan, C.A., Stratmann, J.W.: Convergence of signaling pathways induced by systemin, oligosaccharide elicitors, and ultraviolet-B radiation at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinases in Lycopersicon peruvianum suspension-cultured cells. - Plant Phys. 132: 1728-1738, 2003. Go to original source...
    17. Hollinger, D.Y.: Gas exchange and dry matter allocation response to elevation of atmospheric CO2, concentration in seedlings of three tree species. - Tree Phys. 3: 193-202, 1987. Go to original source...
    18. Huber, S.C.: Relation between photosynthetic starch formation and dry-weight partitioning between the shoot and the root. - Can. J. Bot. 61: 2709-2716, 1983. Go to original source...
    19. Iqbal, R.M., ur-Rehman Rao, A., Rasul, E., Wahid, A.: Mathematical models and response functions in photosynthesis: an exponential model. - In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.): Handbook of Photosynthesis. Pp. 803-810. Marcel Dekker, New York - Basel - Hong Kong 1997.
    20. Isaac, R.A., Kerber, J.O.: Atomic absorption and flame photometry: technique and uses in soil, plant and water analysis. - In: Walsh, L.M. (ed.): Instrumental Methods of Analysis of Soils and Plant Tissue. Pp. 17-37. Soil Science Society of American Journal, Madison 1971.
    21. Jackson, M.L.: Nitrogen determinations for soil and plant tissue. - In: Jackson, M.L. (ed.): Soil Chemical Analysis. Pp. 183-204. Prentice Hall, Englewood Chiffis 1958.
    22. Jyung, W.H., Camp, M.E., Polson, D.E., Adams, M.W., Wittwer, S.H.: Differential response of two bean varieties to zinc as revealed by electrophoretic protein pattern. - Crop Sci. 12: 26-29, 1972. Go to original source...
    23. Laemmli, U.K.: Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. - Nature 227: 680-685, 1970. Go to original source...
    24. Lawlor, D.W.: Photosynthesis. 3th Ed. - BIOS Sci. Publishers, Oxford 2001.
    25. Liu, H., Frankel, L.K., Bricker, T.M.: Functional analysis of photosystem II in a PsbO-1-deficient mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana. - Biochemistry 46: 7607-7613, 2007. Go to original source...
    26. Logan, B.A., Adams, W.W.III, Deming-Adams, B.: Viewpoint: Avoiding common pitfalls of chlorophyll fluorescence analysis under field conditions. - Funct. Plant Biol. 34: 853-859, 2007. Go to original source...
    27. MacFarlane, G.R., Burchett, M.D.: Photosynthetic pigments and peroxidase activity as indicators of heavy metal stress in the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. - Marine Poll. Bull. 48: 233-240, 2001. Go to original source...
    28. Mccready, R.M., Guggolz, J., Silveira, V., Owens, H.S.: Determination of starch and amylose in vegetables. Application to peas. - Analyt. Chem. 22: 1156-1158, 1950. Go to original source...
    29. Murakami, R., Ifuke, K., Takabayashi, A., Shikanai, T., Endo, T., Sato, F.: Functional dissection of two Arabidopsis PsbO proteins PsbO1 and PsbO2. - FEBS J. 272: 2165-2175, 2005. Go to original source...
    30. Nelson, N., Yocum, C.F.: Structure and function of photosystems I and II. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57: 521-565, 2006. Go to original source...
    31. Ortensteiner, S.H.: Chlorophyll degradation during senescence. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57:55-77, 2006. Go to original source...
    32. Paul, M.J., Pellny, T.K.: Carbon metabolite feedback regulation of leaf photosynthesis and development. - J. Exp. Bot. 54: 539-547, 2003. Go to original source...
    33. Pirovani, C.P., Carvalho, H.A.S., Machado et al.: Protein extraction for proteome analysis from cacao leaves and meristems, organs infected by Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of the witches' broom disease. - Electrophoresis 29: 2391-2401, 2008. Go to original source...
    34. Randall, P.J., Bouma, D.: Zinc deficiency, carbonic anhydrase, and photosynthesis in leaves of spinach. - Plant Phys. 52: 229-232, 1973. Go to original source...
    35. Schiltz, S., Gellardo, K., Huart, M., Negroni, L., Sommerer, N., Burstin, J.: Proteome reference maps of vegetative tissues in pea. An investigation of nitrogen mobilization from leaves during seed filling. - Plant Phys. 135: 2241-2260, 2004. Go to original source...
    36. Schützendübel, A., Polle, A.: Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. - J. Exp. Bot. 53: 1351-1365, 2002. Go to original source...
    37. Souza, J.O., Jr.: Substrates and Fertilization for Cocoa Seedlings.] - PhD. Thesis, Universid. São Paulo, São Paulo 2007.
    38. Spencer, D., Possingham, J.V.: The effect of nutrient deficiencies on the Hill reaction of isolated chloroplasts from tomato. - Austr. J. Biol.Sci. 13: 441-455, 1960. Go to original source...
    39. Spreitzer, R.J., Salvucci, M.E. Rubisco: Structure, regulatory interactions, and possibilities for a better enzyme. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 53: 449-475, 2002. Go to original source...
    40. Spurr, A.R.: A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. - J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26: 31-43, 1969. Go to original source...
    41. Welch, R.M.: Micronutrient nutrition of plants. - Critic. Rev. Plant Sci. 14: 49-82, 1995. Go to original source...
    42. Wellburn, A.R.: The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. - J. Plant Physiol. 144: 307-313, 1994. Go to original source...
    43. Whatley, J.M.: Plastid development in distinctively coloured juvenile leaves. - New Phytol. 120: 417-426, 1992. Go to original source...
    44. Yamada, M.M., Bartley, B.G.D., Castro, G.C.T., Melo, G.R.P.: Heredity of compatibility factor in Theobroma cacao L. I. Phenotypic relations in series Pa (Parinari). - Theobroma 12: 163-167, 1982.
    45. Yamada, M.M., Santos, R.C., Pires, J.L.: [Identification of deleterious gene Luteus-Pa in other accessions of Theobroma cacao L. of series Parinari (Pa)] - Agrotrópica 17: 81-82, 2005. [In Portuguese.]
    46. Yin, Y., Shiyanovskii, S.V, Golovin, A.B., Lavrentovich, O. D.: Dielectric torque and orientation dynamics of liquid crystals with dielectric dispersion. - Physical Rev. Lett. 95: No.. 087801, 2005.

    Return to the content