MicroRNA319 family members play an important role in Solanum habrochaites and S. lycopersicum responses to chilling and heat stressesOriginal Papers

X.P. Shi, F.L. Jiang, J.Q. Wen, S.Y. Cui, Y.Z. Zhou, Z. Wu

Biologia Plantarum 63: 200-209, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.023

The microRNA319 (miR319) family is involved in plant development and responses to abiotic stresses. Previous work showed that miR319 responded to chilling stress in the chilling-tolerant wild tomato (Solanum habrochaites L.) genotype LA1777. Here, the precursors of sha-miR319a, b, c, and d were cloned from LA1777 and the putative target genes tosinte branched/cycloidea/proliferating cell factors (TCP3 and TCP29) were validated using 5′-RLM-RACE. Expression patterns revealed a negative correlation of sha-miR319 with TCP3 and TCP29 in LA1777. Four tomato (S. lycopersicum) genotypes with varying sensitivities...

Cassava microRNAs and storage root developmentBrief Communications

O. Patanun, U. Viboonjun, N. Punyasuk, S. Thitamadee, M. Seki, J. Narangajavana

Biologia Plantarum 63: 193-199, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.022

Cassava storage roots serve as an outstanding source of starch that is commonly utilized for nourishment and industrial applications. Despite the extensive studies, which indicated diverse important roles of miRNAs as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, the potential contribution of microRNAs to storage root development in cassava are sparse. Here, we characterized the key miRNAs and auxin content in two main types of cassava roots, fibrous roots and storage roots. The differential expression pattern of miRNAs and their mRNA targets, miR164/NAC and miR167/ARF6, ARF8, revealed the correlation in storage root development....

Overexpression of CBL interacting protein kinase 2 improves plant tolerance to salinity and mercuryOriginal Papers

W.H. Pan, Z.Z. Zheng, X. Yan, J.Q. Shen, J.X. Shou, L.X. Jiang, J.W. Pan

Biologia Plantarum 63: 183-192, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.021

In plants, calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) regulate Ca2+ signalling and so responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the details of specific CIPKs functions in various stress responses are poorly understood. Here, we report roles of dicot and monocot CIPK2 genes in response to salinity and heavy metals. Arabidopsis thaliana AtCIPK2 was found to be universally expressed in different tissues and organs and furthermore induced by salinity. Overexpression of AtCIPK2 or Tibetan Plateau wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) HsCIPK2 in Arabidopsis alleviated toxic...

Meta-topolin improved micropropagation in Syzygium cumini and acclimatization to ex vitro conditionsOriginal Papers

A. Naaz, S.A. Hussain, M. Anis, A.A. Alatar

Biologia Plantarum 63: 174-182, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.020

An efficient micropropagation system was developed for a recalcitrant woody tree Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels using nodal explants excised from 15-d-old aseptic seedlings. The explants were employed on an Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations (1.0 - 10.0 μM) of cytokinins, such as benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kin), meta-topolin (mT), or 2-isopentyl adenine (2ip), either alone or in combination with different concentrations (1.0 - 3.0 μM) of auxins, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Of the cytokinins tested, mT proved to be best...

Proteomic analysis provides integrated insight into mechanisms of Turnip mosaic virus long distance movement in Brassica rapaOriginal Papers

C. Liu, G.-S. Sun, R.-J. Zhang, S.-W. Lv, L. Gao, L.-W. Gao, T.-K. Liu, D. Xiao, X.-L. Hou, C.-W. Zhang

Biologia Plantarum 63: 164-173, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.019

In non-heading Chinese cabbage, the yield relies mostly on the health of leaves, which can be heavily impacted by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). The virions or viral ribonucleoprotein complexes are transported through the phloem and xylem. Plasmodesmata are indispensable because they traverse cell walls and connect companion cells, allowing virus particles long distance movement. However, which complexes and genes participate in this process is still unknown. Plants can activate defense mechanisms and apply disease resistance genes to respond to pathogen attacks. In this study, we collected the stems and petioles infected by TuMV for 7 d (TuMV-7),...

Virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana triggered by heterologous gene sequences from Viola philippicaOriginal Papers

Q.X. Li, J. Wang, S. Zheng, N. Yang, K. Sun, C.Y. He

Biologia Plantarum 63: 153-163, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.018

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a particularly useful tool for functional genomics. In the present study, we attempted to utilize this technology to infer the function of genes from Viola philippica using a tobacco rattle virus (TRV) construct. Firstly, the phytoene desaturase gene from V. philippica (VpPDS) was silenced, and local leaf bleaching was observed but did not exhibit systemic effects, thereby limiting utilization of TRV-mediated gene silencing in the recipient plant. However, we observed systemic gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana when the VpPDS sequence was used as a trigger, thereby suggesting...

Characterisation of Arabidopsis flotillins in response to stressesOriginal Papers

K. Kroumanová, D. Kocourková, M. Daněk, L. Lamparová, R. Pospíchalová, K. Malínská, Z. Krčková, L. Burketová, O. Valentová, J. Martinec, M. Janda

Biologia Plantarum 63: 144-152, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.017

Plant flotillins, a subgroup of the SPFH domain protein superfamily, consist of three proteins, AtFLOT1, AtFLOT2, and AtFLOT3 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The exact functions of flotillins in plant cell has not been established yet. In this study we focused on the role of flotillins in response to both abiotic and biotic stresses and on the response to phytohormones abscisic acid and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in A. thaliana. We observed transcriptomic changes of AtFLOT genes in response to high salinity and cold, treatment with 22-amino acid peptide from N-terminal part of flagellin (flg22), and after infection...

Deficiency in phytochromobilin biosynthesis enhances heat-stress-induced impairments to the photosynthetic apparatus in tomatoOriginal Papers

A.J. Crispim Filho, A.C. Costa, F.R.R. Alves, P.F. Batista, A.A. Rodrigues, S.C. Vasconcelos Filho, K.J.T. Nascimento

Biologia Plantarum 63: 134-144, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.016

Plants are continuously exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions, such as heat stress, which negatively affect plant growth and productivity. There is evidence that phytochromes are involved in plant response to different abiotic stresses. We investigated the possible phytochrome-dependent responses to heat stress in photomorphogenic tomato mutants aurea (au, phytochromobilin-deficient, PΦB) and high-pigment 1 (hp1, hyperresponsive to phytochrome-mediated responses), as well as the wild-type Micro-Tom (MT). In comparison with MT, reductions in photosynthetic rate promoted by a high temperature were more pronounced in...

Overexpression of a gene AhFBA from Arachis hypogaea confers salinity stress tolerance in Escherichia coli and tobaccoOriginal Papers

Z.K. Du, Y.F. Hu, J.M. Li

Biologia Plantarum 63: 122-133, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.015

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), an essential enzyme involved in the glycolytic pathway, gluconeogenesis, and the Calvin cycle, plays significant roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, a novel gene, AhFBA (GenBank accession number KF470788), containing a 1077-bp open reading frame and encoding a protein of 358 amino acids, was isolated from Arachis hypogaea L. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that AhFBA belonged to class-I aldolases and preferentially localized in the cytoplasm. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that AhFBA had a higher expression in...

Implication of peroxisomes and mitochondria in the halophyte Cakile maritima tolerance to salinity stressOriginal Papers

N. Ben Amor, A. Jimenez, M. Boudabbous, F. Sevilla, C. Abdelly

Biologia Plantarum 63: 113-121, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.014

The role of mitochondria and peroxisomes in the tolerance of the halophyte Cakile martima to salt stress was studied. The plants were subjected to 0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl for 5 weeks. The evaluation of oxidative stress according to the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl (CO-) proteins, O2-, and H2O2, and the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were determined in two purified organelles, mitochondria and peroxisomes. The intact organelles were purified by centrifugation in Percoll density gradients. Results show that the content of MDA...

Fluorine: a biohazardous agent for plants and phytoremediation strategies for its removal from the environmentReviews

A. Banerjee, A. Roychoudhury

Biologia Plantarum 63: 104-112, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.013

Fluorine, one of the most abundant elements found on earth, acts as an environmental xenobiotics even at sparingly low concentrations. Uncontrolled anthropogenic activities have steeply increased the F content in the air, water, and soil. Irrigation of crops and vegetables with F contaminated groundwater or agricultural practices in contaminated soils adversely affect their physiological and biochemical parameters, leading to inhibited growth and productivity. Some plants can translocate the toxic ions from roots to shoots and accumulate them in the edible parts. Bioaccumulations of F have hazardous outcomes, as their concentrations in edible parts...

Genome-wide identification of circular RNAs in tomato seeds in response to high temperatureOriginal Papers

R. Zhou, X.Q. Yu, L.P. Xu, Y.L. Wang, L.P. Zhao, T.M. Zhao, W.G. Yu

Biologia Plantarum 63: 97-103, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.012

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), an emerging class of non-coding RNAs, are abundant in eukaryotic transcriptomes. Seed germination is one of the most important stages in the entire life cycle of plants that can be slowed down or totally restrained by high temperature. Our aim is to identify heat-responsive circRNAs and explore the potential function of circRNAs in tomato seeds at high temperature. Following high-throughput sequencing, 4 164 circRNAs were identified, and 980 circRNAs were shared in the control and high-temperature libraries. Among the 748 circRNAs with high expressions, 73 circRNAs were significantly up-/down- regulated in tomato seeds germinated...

Effects of methyl jasmonate on growth, antioxidants, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of Glycyrrhiza uralensis under salt stressOriginal Papers

X. Yu, P. Fei, Z. Xie, W. Zhang, Q. Zhao, X. Zhang

Biologia Plantarum 63: 89-96, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.011

We investigated the effects of 0.025 or 0.05 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the growth characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, non-enzymatic antioxidant content, and carbon and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme activities in Glycyrrhiza uralensis exposed to 100 mM NaCl. Results showed that salt stress decreased the stem length and lateral root number and the treatment with 0.025 or 0.05 mM MeJA increased the root length of salt-stressed G. uralensis seedlings but decreased root diameter, stem length, and stem diameter. MeJA application modulated oxidative stress in salt-stressed G. uralensis seedlings. It decreased the catalase...

Identification and validation of organ-preferential genes and analysis of corresponding upstream tissue-specific promoters in wheatOriginal Papers

P.P. Su, X. Jin, T. Sun, L. Chen, F. Shi, K.X. Li, J.L. Chang, G.X. Yang, G.Y. He

Biologia Plantarum 63: 78-88, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.010

Tissue/organ-specific promoters are important tools in genetic engineering and crop molecular breeding. They are well characterized in dicots, such as Arabidopsis, tobacco, and tomato, but not sufficiently in monocots, especially in wheat. In this study, the genes specifically expressed in seven different tissues, including coleoptile, root, leaf, pistil, anther, embryo, and endosperm were identified through analyzing the public transcriptome data from a wheat microarray using the ROKU method. The expression patterns of selected genes were validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that these selected genes...

Involvement of proline and non-protein thiols in response to low temperature and cadmium stresses in wheatOriginal Papers

N. Repkina, V. Talanova, A. Ignatenko, A. Titov

Biologia Plantarum 63: 70-77, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.009

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low temperature (4 °C), cadmium sulphate (100 μM), or their combination on content of free proline (Pro), glutathione (GSH), and phytochelatins (PCs) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. Results revealed an increase in proline and phytochelatins accumulation in leaves of wheat seedlings along with enhanced cold tolerance at the low temperature, CdSO4, and their combination. Moreover, there were increases in mRNA content of TaP5CS and TaPCS1 genes, encoding ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) and phytochelatin synthases (PCS), respectively. A rapid increase...

The homoeologous genes encoding C24-sterol methyltransferase 1 in Triticum aestivum: structural characteristics and effects of cold stressOriginal Papers

A. Renkova, J. Valitova, H. Schaller, F. Minibayeva

Biologia Plantarum 63: 59-69, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.008

A unique structural feature of plant sterols is the presence of a 24-alkyl group in the sterol side chain, which is synthesized by C24-sterol methyltransferase (SMT). Here we report for the first time that the bread wheat genome (AABBDD) contains at least three homoeologous genes encoding C24-sterol methyltransferase 1. While these copies have similar coding regions, they differ markedly in the nucleotide sequences of their non-coding regions. Sequencing de novo of the promoter regions of the TaSMT1 homoeologs demonstrated the occurrence of common and specific stress-sensitive cis-elements such as LTR, the cis-element involved...

Arabidopsis KIN gamma subunit 1 has a potential to regulate activity of sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) in vitroBrief Communications

M. Punkkinen, K. Denessiouk, H. Fujii

Biologia Plantarum 63: 54-58, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.007

Plants must precisely regulate their signalling pathways to respond to environmental changes promptly. Sucrose non fermenting1 (SNF1)-related protein kinases (SnRK) 2 are essential kinases in abiotic stress responses, including responses to abscisic acid. Although homologs of SnRKs in yeast require a γ-subunit for full activation, it has been unclear whether SnRK2s in higher plants are affected by γ-subunits. In this report, we aimed to show the effect of Arabidopsis KIN γ-subunit 1 (KING1), which is a potential γ-subunit, on the activity of SnRK2. A recombinant KING1 bound to SnRK2.6 and functionally inhibited its activity...

Effects of short-term arsenic exposure in Arabidopsis thaliana: tolerance versus toxicity responsesOriginal Papers

A. Pita-Barbosa, T.C.R. Williams, M.E. Loureiro

Biologia Plantarum 63: 43-53, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.006

The metalloid arsenic (As) is highly phytotoxic, in part due to the similarity of the arsenates to phosphates, but also due to its ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and in the form of arsenite directly interact with certain enzymes. Here we aimed to determine the effects of a short period of As exposure on Arabidopsis thaliana. Particular focus was given to shoot responses, which have received less attention in previous studies. A. thaliana (ecotype Col-0) plants (28-d-old) were cultivated hydroponically in the presence of 0, 27, 108, and 216 µM arsenic in the form of sodium arsenate for five days. Translocation...

Apyrases in Arabidopsis thalianaReviews

R. Meng, L.Q. Zhu, Y.F. Yang, L.C. Zhu, Z.K. Hou, L. Jin, B.C. Wang

Biologia Plantarum 63: 38-42, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.005

Apyrases belong to the ATPase family of enzymes that hydrolyze phosphoanhydride bonds of nucleoside tri- and di-phosphates. These enzymes differ markedly from other phosphohydrolases due to their high specific activity, broad divalent cation requirement, broad nucleotide substrate specificity, and insensitivity to various inhibitors. In the past 30 years, apyrases have been frequently studied in mammals. In comparison, research of apyrases in plants has received little attention, despite the growth of plants being closely related to the apyrases. In this review, we summarize the research of the apyrases in Arabidopsis thaliana and point to the...

Effect of NaCl on the photosynthetic pathways of halophytic leaf succulent Sedum uniflorumBrief Communications

C.E. Martin, J.-M. Chiang, T.-C. Lin

Biologia Plantarum 63: 33-37, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.004

The effect of NaCl on the photosynthetic pathways of the only halophytic subtropical species Sedum uniflorum was examined in the field in northern Taiwan and in the laboratory. Plants growing in the field exhibited CAM-cycling regardless of salt content in their tissues. In contrast, NaCl treatment in the laboratory induced CAM photosynthesis, while control plants exhibited a C₃-CAM intermediacy. This high level of photosynthetic pathway variablility matches that of other Sedum species.

Rare earth elements in plantsReviews

M. Kovaříková, I. Tomášková, P. Soudek

Biologia Plantarum 63: 20-32, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.003

Since 1960, the positive effects of rare earth elements (REE) on crop physiology have been observed, and support for photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, secondary metabolites, or enzymes has been reported in 40% of studies. A higher content of chlorophylls a and b as well as carotenoids have been found along with an increased efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry and electron transfer rates. An increased activity of a key photosynthetic enzyme was also found in several plants growing in soil with a higher content of REE. An appropriate amount of REE also activates the antioxidant activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase,...

Mitochondrial respiration after combined action of dehydration and low temperature in pea seedlingsOriginal Papers

I.P. Generozova, P.A. Butsanets, A.G. Shugaev

Biologia Plantarum 63: 11-19, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.002

The impact of the individual and combined action of dehydration and low temperature on the respiratory activity of mitochondria isolated from epicotyls of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings was investigated. These organelles were isolated immediately after the treatments and after two and three days of recovery. After the treatments, the capacity of the energy-producing cytochrome pathway (CP) of mitochondrial oxidation decreased, while the capacity of the non-phosphorylating alternative respiratory pathway (AP) catalyzed by a CN-resistant oxidase was elevated. After returning the seedlings to normal growing conditions, a gradual...

Expression of genes encoding PIP aquaporins in tomato seeds exposed to blue radiation and mercuryOriginal Papers

J. Balarynová, M. Fellner

Biologia Plantarum 63: 1-10, 2019 | DOI: 10.32615/bp.2019.001

Aquaporins control the specific transport of water and some other small molecules across membranes and are involved in various physiological processes. Plasma membrane aquaporins (PIPs) were shown to play an important role during tomato seed development. Therefore, we were interested in the participation of PIPs in seed germination and early seedling growth of wild type (WT) and the 7B-1 mutant, affected by blue light responses. We characterised the expression patterns of PIP-type aquaporin genes in these lines during different phases of seed germination and seedling growth after HgCl₂ (an aquaporin blocker) treatment. Further,...

Alternative splicing at the o2Italian locus in maize: one mutation, two proteinsBrief Communications

I. Mascheretti, A. Grasso, A. Viotti, M. Lauria

Biologia plantarum 62:835-839, 2018 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0824-1

Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in Brassica rapa using a turnip yellow mosaic virus vectorOriginal Papers

J. Yu, X.-D. Yang, Q. Wang, L.-W. Gao, Y. Yang, D. Xiao, T.-K. Liu, Y. Li, X.-L. Hou, C.-W. Zhang

Biologia plantarum 62:826-834, 2018 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0803-6

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a post-transcriptional gene silencing method used for unraveling gene functions. As an attractive alternative to mutant collections or stable transgenic plants, it has been widely used in reverse-genetics studies owing to its ease use and quick turnaround time. Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) has the ability to induce VIGS in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the conventional vector construction is difficult and the efficiencies of the infection methods are low. Here, we improved the vector construction and viral infection methods, inserted an inverted-repeat fragment of the phytoene desaturase gene into...

Photochemical reflectance index and solar-induced fluorescence for assessing cotton photosynthesis under water-deficit stressOriginal Papers

Y. J. Zhang, M. Y. Hou, H. Y. Xue, L. T. Liu, H. C. Sun, C. D. Li, X. J. Dong

Biologia plantarum 62:817-825, 2018 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0821-4

Rapid and non-destructive assessment of water status is essential to enhance crop performance. This study aimed to evaluate photosynthetic performance and to monitor water status in cotton under field conditions. A two-year experiment was conducted with three irrigation regimes to measure the following parameters: photochemical reflectance index (PRI), structural independent pigment index (SIPI), water index (WI), solar-induced fluorescence (SIF; retrieved from reflectance by using Fraunhofer line-depth method), gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF). The results showed that PRI decreased > 30 % in moderate drought (MD) and >50 % in...

Sulfur dioxide acts as an antioxidant and delays programmed cell death in wheat aleurone layers upstream of H₂S and NO signaling pathwaysOriginal Papers

K.-K. Sun, D.-B. Zhu, G.-F. Yao, K.-D. Hu, H. Zhang

Biologia plantarum 62:809-816, 2018 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0796-1

Sulfur dioxide is a widespread air pollutant and it also acts as a signaling molecule in various processes in mammals. However, the role of SO₂ in programmed cell death (PCD) in plants is unclear. Here we studied the role of SO₂ in gibberellin (GA)-treated wheat aleurone layers. The results showed that 100 μM SO₂ donor (NaHSO₃/Na₂SO₃) could effectively delay PCD and inhibit the coalescence of small protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in aleurone cells treated with GA. Also, SO₂ could reduce the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion in GA-treated aleurone layers....

Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the growth, photosynthetic traits, and antioxidative enzymes in tomato plantsOriginal Papers

X. P. Wang, Q. Q. Li, Z. M. Pei, S. C. Wang

Biologia plantarum 62:801-808, 2018 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0813-4

With the dramatic increase in nanotechnologies, it has become probable that biological systems will be exposed to excess of nanoparticles (NPs). However, the impact of NPs on plants, remains to be explored. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of ZnO NPs on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Plant growth, photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and activities of antioxidative enzymes were measured in 35-d-old plants. The ZnO NP treatments significantly inhibited tomato root and shoot growth, decreased the content of chlorophylls a and b, and reduced photosynthetic efficiency and some other...

Effects of 6-benzylaminopurine on photosystem II functionality and leaf anatomy of in vitro cultivated Aechmea blanchetianaOriginal Papers

J.P.R. Martins, E.R. Santos, L.C.A. Rodrigues, A.B.P.L. Gontijo, A.R. Falqueto

Biologia plantarum 62:792-800, 2018 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0822-3

Molecular cloning and characterization of a PR-5 like protein gene from Brassica campestris ssp. chinensisOriginal Papers

C. Liu, H. L. Liu, Y. Wang, D. Hu, D. Xiao, C. W. Zhang, X. L. Hou, Y. Li

Biologia plantarum 62:786-792, 2018 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0820-5

Downy mildew caused by Hyaloperonospora parasitica is a serious fungal disease in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino). Pathogenesis-related 5 (PR-5) genes play an important role in plant resistance to disease invasion. In this study, a gene encoding pathogenesis-related 5-like (PR-5L) protein, named BcPR-5L, was successfully cloned from non-heading Chinese cabbage. The cDNA sequence of BcPR-5L is 747 bp in length. It encoded a protein of molecular mass of 25.78 kDa, an isoelectric point of 4.42, and containing 248 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that BcPR-5L...