Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2011, 47(1): 33-60 | DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2011.47.1.03

The Re-stratification of Czech Politics: Class Voting in the Czech Republic between 1992 and 2010

Michael L. Smith, Petr Matějů
1 Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i., Praha
2 Institut pro sociální a ekonomické analýzy a Vysoká škola CEVRO Institut, Praha

This article examines the development of class voting in the Czech Republic, 1992- 2010. While many Western countries have been experiencing declining or stable associations between class and electoral choice, we hypothesize that the trend in class voting should be quite different in the Czech Republic, and by extension, in other post-communist countries. We theorize that if a country is undergoing a process of re-stratification - the process in which class-based cleavages and identities regain significance in a new market economy after a long period of their de-stratification by communist egalitarian policies - such a country should also experience increases in class voting in the new market environment. Using standard loglinear and logistic regression approaches, our analysis confirms that class voting has indeed increased in the Czech Republic, particularly from 1998-2010. That increase is large both in the gross effect of class as well as its effect net of the role of other demographic variables. The Czech Republic is therefore relatively unique among countries examined in the international literature on class voting in having increasing associations across several electoral periods.

Keywords: class voting, class politics, social stratification, politics in the Czech Republic.

Published: February 1, 2011Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Smith, M.L., & Matějů, P. (2011). The Re-stratification of Czech Politics: Class Voting in the Czech Republic between 1992 and 2010. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review47(1), 33-60. doi: 10.13060/00380288.2011.47.1.03.
Download citation

References

  1. Alford, Robert. 1962. "A Suggested Index of the Association of Social Class and Voting." Public Opinion Quarterly 26 (3): 417-425. Go to original source...
  2. Andersen, Robert, Anthony Heath. 2002. "Class Matters: The Persisting Effects of Contextual Social Class on Individual Voting in Britain, 1964-97." European Sociological Review 18 (2): 125-138. Go to original source...
  3. Anderson, Dewey, Percy Davidson. 1943. The Democratic Class Struggle. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  4. Balcerowicz, Leszek. 1994. "Democracy Is No Substitute for Capitalism." Eastern European Economics 32 (2): 39-49. Go to original source...
  5. Barone, Carlo, Mario Lucchini, Simone Sarti. 2007. "Class and Political Preferences in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of Trends over Time." European Sociological Review 23 (3): 373-392. Go to original source...
  6. Brooks, Clem, Jeff Manza. 1997a. "Class Politics and Political Change in the U.S., 1952-1992." Social Forces 76 (2): 379-408. Go to original source...
  7. Brooks, Clem, Jeff Manza. 1997b. "Social Cleavages and Political Alignments: U.S. Presidential Elections, 1960-1992." American Sociological Review 62 (6): 937-946. Go to original source...
  8. Clark, Terry Nichols, Seymour Martin Lipset, Michael Rempel. 1993. "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class." International Sociology 8 (3): 293-316. Go to original source...
  9. Domanski, Henryk. 2008. "A New Dimension of Social Stratification in Poland? Class Membership and Electoral Voting in 1991-2001." European Sociological Review 24 (2): 169-182. Go to original source...
  10. Elster, Jon, Claus Offe, Ulrich K. Preuss. 1998. Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  11. Enyedi, Zsolt, Lukáš Linek. 2008. "Searching for the Right Organization: Ideology and Party Structure in East-Central Europe." Party Politics 14 (4): 455-477. Go to original source...
  12. Erikson, Robert, John H. Goldthorpe, Lucienne Portocarero. 1979. "Intergenerational Class Mobility in Three Western European Countries." The British Journal of Sociology 30 (4): 415-51. Go to original source...
  13. Evans, Geoffrey. 2000. "The Continued Significance of Class Voting." Annual Review of Political Science 3: 401-417. Go to original source...
  14. Evans, Geoffrey, Anthony Heath, Clive Payne. 1991. "Modelling Trends in the Class/ Party Relationship 1964-87." Electoral Studies 10 (2): 99-117. Go to original source...
  15. Fiala, Petr, Miroslav Mareš, Pavel Pšeja. 1999. "The Development of Political Parties and the Party System." Pp. 273-294 in Jiří Večerník, Petr Matějů (eds.). Ten Years of Rebuilding Capitalism: Czech Society after 1989. Praha: Academia.
  16. Franklin, Mark. 1985. The Decline of Class Voting in Britain: Changes in the Basis of Electoral Choice, 1964-1983. Oxford, New York: Clarendon Press.
  17. Gijsberts, Mérove, Paul Nieuwbeerta. 2000. "Class Cleavages in Party Preferences in the New Democracies in Eastern Europe: a Comparison with Western Democracies." European Societies 2 (4): 397-430. Go to original source...
  18. Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2002. "The Programmatic Turnaround of Communist Successor Parties in East Central Europe, 1989-1998." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 35 (1): 51-66. Go to original source...
  19. Heath, Anthony, Roger Jowell, John Curtice. 1985. How Britain Votes. Oxford, New York: Pergamon Press.
  20. Heath, Anthony, Min Yang, Harvey Goldstein. 1996. "Multilevel Analysis of the Changing Relationship between Class and Party in Britain, 1964-1992." Quality & Quantity 30 (4): 389-404. Go to original source...
  21. Hout, Michael, Clem Brooks, Jeff Manza. 1993. "The Persistence of Classes in PostIndustrial Societies." International Sociology 8 (3): 259-277. Go to original source...
  22. Hout, Michael, Clem Brooks, Jeff Manza. 1995. "The Democratic Class Struggle in the United States, 1948-1992." American Sociological Review 60 (6): 805-828. Go to original source...
  23. Hraba, Joseph, Rehan Mullick, Jiří Večerník, Frederick O. Lorenz, Allan McCutcheon. 2002. "Education and Support for the Czech Reforms." Sociology of Education 75 (2): 147-168. Go to original source...
  24. Kelley, Jonathan, Ian McAllister. 1985. "Class and Party in Australia: A Comparison with Britain and the USA." The British Journal of Sociology 36 (3): 383-420. Go to original source...
  25. Katrňák, Tomáš. 2006. "Faktory podmiňující vzdělanostní aspirace žáků devátých tříd základních škol v České republice." Pp. 173-193 in Petr Matějů, Jana Straková (eds.). Nerovné šance na vzdělání: Vzdělanostní nerovnosti v České republice. Praha: Academia.
  26. Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, Gabor Toka. 1999. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  27. Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 2006. Class Voting in Western Europe - A Comparative Longitudinal Study. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  28. Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 2007. "The Decline of Social Class?" Pp. 457-480 in Russell J. Dalton, Hans-Dieter Klingemann (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  29. Kostelecký, Tomáš. 2002. Political Parties after Communism: Developments in East-Central Europe. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center.
  30. Kreidl, Martin. 2006. "Socialist Egalitarian Policies and Education Inequality in Central Europe after World War II." Sociológia / Slovak Sociological Review 38 (3): 199-220.
  31. Kraus, Michael. 2003. "The Czech Republic's First Decade." Journal of Democracy 14 (2): 50-64. Go to original source...
  32. Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard Berelson, Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes up his Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
  33. Linek, Lukáš, Zdenka Mansfeldová. 2006. "The Impact of the EU on the Czech Party System." Pp. 20-39 in Paul G. Lewis, Zdenka Mansfeldová (eds.). The European Union and Party Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Go to original source...
  34. Lipset, Seymour M. 1981. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  35. Manza, Jeff, Michael Hout, Clem Brooks. 1995. "Class Voting in Capitalist Democracies since World War II: Dealignment, Realignment, or Trendless Fluctuation?" Annual Review of Sociology 21: 137-162. Go to original source...
  36. Matějů, Petr. 1996. "In Search of Explanations for Recent Left-Turns in Post-Communist Countries." International Review of Comparative Public Policy 7: 43-82.
  37. Matějů, Petr, Martin Kreidl. 1999. "Vývoj statusové konzistence v České republice 1991-1999." Czech Sociological Review / Sociologický časopis 35 (3): 269-292.
  38. Matějů, Petr, Martin Kreidl. 2000. "Obnova vnitřní konzistence sociálně-ekonomického statusu." Pp. 17-36 in Petr Matějů, Klára Vlachová, (eds.). Nerovnost, spravedlnost, politika. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  39. Matějů, Petr, Blanka Řeháková. 1997. "Turning Left or Class Realignment. Analysis of the Changing Relationship Between Class and Party in the Czech Republic, 1992-1996." East-European Politics and Societies 11 (3): 507-547. Go to original source...
  40. Matějů, Petr, Blanka Řeháková. 2000. "Proměny volebního chování sociálních tříd v letech 1992-1996." Pp. 301-334 in Petr Matějů, Klára Vlachová (eds.). Nerovnost, spravedlnost, politika. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  41. Matějů, Petr, Blanka Řeháková, Geoffrey Evans. 1999. "The Politics of Interests and Class Realignment in the Czech Republic, 1992-1996." Pp. 231-253 in Geoffrey Evans (ed.). The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Go to original source...
  42. Matějů, Petr, Michael L. Smith. 2009. "The Perceived Value of Education and Educational Aspirations in the Czech Republic: Changes in the Determination of Educational Aspirations between 1989 and 2003." Comparative Education Review 53 (1): 13-39. Go to original source...
  43. McAllister, Ian, Jonathan Kelley. 1982. "Class, Ethnicity and Voting Behaviour in Australia." Politics: The Journal of the Australasian Political Studies Association 17: 96-107. Go to original source...
  44. Nieuwbeerta, Paul. 1996. "The Democratic Class Struggle in Postwar Societies: Class Voting in Twenty Countries, 1945-1990." Acta Sociologica 39 (4): 345-384. Go to original source...
  45. Nieuwbeerta Paul, Nan Dirk De Graaf. 1999. "Traditional Class Voting in Twenty Postwar Societies." Pp. 23-56 in Geoffrey Evans (ed.). The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Go to original source...
  46. Nieuwbeerta, Paul, Wout Ultee. 1999. "Class Voting in Western Industrialized Countries, 1945-1990: Systematizing and Testing Explanations." European Journal of Political Research 35 (1): 123-160. Go to original source...
  47. Orenstein, Mitchell A. 2001. Out of the Red: Building Capitalism and Democracy in Postcommunist Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Go to original source...
  48. Ringdal, Kristen, Kjell Hines. 1995. "Patterns in Class Voting in Norway 1957-1989: Decline or 'Trendless Fluxuations'?" Acta Sociologica 38 (1): 33-51. Go to original source...
  49. Rose, Amanda. 1999. "Extraordinary politics in the Polish transition." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 32 (2): 195-210. Go to original source...
  50. Rueschemeyer, Marilyn, Sharon L. Wolchik. 1999. "The Return of Left-Oriented Parties in Eastern Germany and the Czech Republic and their Social Policies." Pp. 109-143 in Linda J. Cook, Mitchell A. Orenstein, Marilyn Rueschemeyer (eds.). Left Parties and Social Policies in Postcommunist Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  51. Řeháková, Blanka, Klára Vlachová. 1995. "Subjective Mobility after 1989. Do People Feel a Social and Economic Improvement or Relative Deprivation?" Czech Sociological Review 3 (2): 137-156.
  52. Simonová, Natalie. 2009. "Proměny v mezigeneračním přenosu dosaženého vzdělání v České republice v historické perspektivě." Czech Sociological Review / Sociologický časopis 45 (2): 291-313.
  53. Simonová, Natalie, Petr Soukup. 2009. "Reprodukce vzdělanostních nerovností v České republice po sametové revoluci v evropském kontextu." Czech Sociological Review / Sociologický časopis 45 (5): 935-965.
  54. Smith, Michael L. 2009. "The Inequality of Participation: Re-examining the Role of Social Stratification and Post-Communism on Political Participation in Europe." Czech Sociological Review / Sociologický časopis 45 (3): 487-517.
  55. Szelenyi, Ivan, Donald J. Treiman. 1991. "Vývoj sociální stratifikace a rekrutace elit ve východní Evropě po roce 1989: Výzkumný projekt." Sociologický časopis 27 (3): 276-298.
  56. Tavits, Margit, Natalia Letki. 2009. "When Left is Right: Party Ideology and Policy in Post-Coommunist Europe." American Political Science Review 103 (4): 555-569. Go to original source...
  57. Tucker, Joshua A. 2006. Regional Economic Voting: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  58. Večerník, Jiří. 1999. "Střední vrstvy v české transformaci. Interakce sociálně-ekonomické politiky a společenského rozvrstvení." Sociologický časopis 35 (1): 33-51.
  59. Večerník, Jiří. 2001. "Diferenciace mezd v ČR: vývoj v minulém desetiletí a mezinárodní srovnání." Finance a úvěr 51 (9): 450-471.
  60. Večerník, Jiří. 2004. "Who Is Poor in the Czech Republic? The Changing Structure and Faces of Poverty after 1989." Czech Sociological Review / Sociologický časopis 40 (4): 605-618.
  61. Večerník, Jiří. 2009. Czech Society in the 2000s: A Report on Socio-economic Policies and Structures. Praha: Academia.
  62. Vlachová, Klára, Blanka Řeháková 2007. "Sociální třída a její vliv na volební chování." Pp. 133-146 in Tomáš Lebeda, Lukáš Linek, Pat Lyons, Klára Vlachová (eds.). Voliči a volby 2006. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i.
  63. Wnuk-Lipiński, E. 1993. The Left Turn in Poland. A Sociological and Political Analysis. Warsaw: Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.