The first edition of Prague Summer Schools on Discrete Mathematics took place in Prague from August 1 to 5, 2016 with the support of the RSJ Foundation, the Institute of Mathematics of the CAS, The Computer Science Institute of the Charles University and Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship. The School was primarily intended for PhD students and early career researchers. The lectures were given by Ronald de Wolf (CWI), who focused on Fourier analysis of Boolean functions, with applications to discrete mathematics, complexity theory, and social choice theory, and by Samuel Fiorini (Free University of Brussels), who dealt with extended formulations in combinatorial optimization.