Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2020, 56(4): 471-490 | DOI: 10.13060/csr.2020.015

Digitální stopa: Konec empirické sociologie?

Jakub Sedláček
Fakulta sociálních věd / Filozofická fakulta, Univerzita Karlova, Praha

In the 20th century empirical sociology possessed innovative methodological resources that granted it fairly exclusive access to understanding human social life. However, with the advent of digital technologies and increasing migration into the online world, this privilege started to shift into the hands of commercial entities. People of the 21st century now generate data with every step they take (both physical and virtual), and most of the current internet business models are built on the collection, analysis, and commercial utilisation of such data. The 'Digital Trace Data' left behind by billions of online users present an unprecedented opportunity for the study of their behaviour, characteristics, and social interactions. This article seeks to introduce readers to the world of Digital Trace Data and the three main areas in which such data are used: research, commerce, and surveillance. Examples of all three are given to illustrate the potential strengths, weaknesses, and associated risks. The article also seeks to provide warning of a future in which the largest repository of sociological data in history ends up locked behind the doors of commercial enterprises and government institutions.

Klíčová slova: digital trace data, big social data, big data, computational social science, social media

Vloženo: 18. červen 2020; Přijato: 18. červen 2020; Zveřejněno: 1. říjen 2020Zobrazit citaci

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Sedláček, J. (2020). Digitální stopa: Konec empirické sociologie? Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 56(4), 471-490. doi: 10.13060/csr.2020.015.
Stáhnout citaci
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Zobrazit celý článek

    Reference

    1. Anýžová, P. 2018. "Vztah mezi individuálními charakteristikami a vysokoškolským vzděláním: role osobnosti, fyzické atraktivity a sebehodnocení." Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 54 (5): 667-697, https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2018.54.5.419. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    2. Beer, D., R. Burrows. 2013. "Popular Culture, Digital Archives and the New Social Life of Data." Theory, Culture & Society 30 (4): 47-71, https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276413476542. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    3. Bond, R. M., C. J. Fariss, J. J. Jones, A. D. I. Kramer, C. Marlow, J. E. Settle, J. H. Fowler. 2012. "A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization." Nature 489 (7415): 295-298, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    4. Boyd, D., K. Crawford. 2012. "Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations or a Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon." Information, Communication & Society 15 (5): 662-679, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    5. Bright, J. 2018. "Explaining the Emergence of Political Fragmentation on Social Media: The Role of Ideology and Extremism." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 23 (1): 17-33, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmx002. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    6. Brooks, C. 2018. "It's Time for Facebook to Share More Data with Researchers." Wired [online]. [cit. 11. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.wired.com/story/its-time-for-facebook-to-share-more-data-with-researchers/.
    7. Bruns, A. 2018. "Facebook shuts the gate after the horse has bolted, and hurts real research in the process." Internet Policy Review [online]. [cit. 3. 4. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://policyreview.info/articles/news/facebook-shuts-gate-after-horse-has-bolted-and-hurts-real-research-process/786.
    8. Cadwalladr, C., E. Graham-Harrison. 2018. "Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach." The Guardian [online]. [cit. 3. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election.
    9. Constine, J. 2018. "A flaw-by-flaw guide to Facebook's new GDPR privacy changes." Techcrunch [online]. [cit. 20. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/17/facebook-gdpr-changes/.
    10. Crandall, D. J., L. Backstrom, D. Cosley, S. Suri, D. Huttenlocher, J. Kleinberg. 2010. "Inferring social ties from geographic coincidences." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (52): 22436-22441, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006155107. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    11. Day, M. 2019. "Amazon Is Working on a Device That Can Read Human Emotions." Bloomberg [online]. [cit. 28. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/amazon-is-working-on-a-wearable-device-that-reads-human-emotions.
    12. Dodds, P. S., K. D. Harris, I. M. Kloumann, C. A. Bliss, C. M. Danforth. 2011. "Temporal patterns of happiness and information in a global social network: Hedonometrics and Twitter." PLoS ONE 6 (12), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026752. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    13. Evans, G., G. King. 2020. "Statistically Valid Inferences from Differentially Private Data Releases, with Application to the Facebook URLs Dataset." Working Paper. Gary King [online]. Dostupné z: https://j.mp/38NrmRW.
    14. Foster, I., R. Ghani, R. S. Jarmin, F. Kreuter, J. Lane. 2016. "Big data and social science: A practical guide to methods and tools." Chapman and Hall/CRC, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315368238. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    15. Gane, N. 2011. "Measure, value and the current crises of sociology." Sociological Review 59 (suppl. 2): 151-173, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02054.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    16. Gerber, A. S., G. A. Huber, D. Doherty, C. M. Dowling. 2011. "The Big Five Personality Traits in the Political Arena." Annual Review of Political Science 14 (1): 265-287, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051010-111659. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    17. Glazer, E., D. Seetharaman, A. Andriotis. 2018. "Facebook to Banks: Give Us Your Data, We'll Give You Our Users." The Wall Street Journal [online]. [cit. 27. 4. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-banks-give-us-your-data-well-give-you-our-users-1533564049.
    18. Goldberg, A. 2015. "In defense of forensic social science." Big Data and Society 2 (2): 1-3, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715601145. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    19. Golder, S. A., M. Macy. 2014. "Digital Footprints: Opportunities and Challenges for Online Social Research." Annual Review of Sociology 40: 129-152, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043145. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    20. Hill, K. 2018. "Facebook Is Giving Advertisers Access to Your Shadow Contact Information." Gizmodo [online]. [cit. 20. 4. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://gizmodo.com/facebook-is-giving-advertisers-access-to-your-shadow-co-1828476051.
    21. Hogan, B. 2010. "The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 30 (6): 377-386, https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467610385893. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    22. Cheng, J., M. Burke, E. Goetz Davis. 2019. "Understanding Perceptions of Problematic Facebook Use: When People Experience Negative Life Impact and a Lack of Control." Pp. 1-13 in CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300429. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    23. Jungherr, A. 2015. Analyzing Political Communication with Digital Trace Data. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20319-5. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    24. Kastrenakes, J. 2018. "Facebook spoke with hospitals about matching health data to anonymized profiles." The Verge [online]. [cit. 7. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/5/17203262/facebook-medical-data-sharing-plan-healthcare.
    25. King, G., N. Persily. 2019. "A New Model for Industry-Academic Partnerships." Political Science & Politics [online]. Cambridge University Press, 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096519001021. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    26. Kosinski, M. 2018. "I had nothing to do with Cambridge Analytica." Michalkosinski.com [online]. [cit. 17. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zRaTAx0mpRC0m7-3wQRaDPYTOGMdvNBt/edit.
    27. Kosinski, M., S. C. Matz, S. D. Gosling, V. Popov, D. Stillwell. 2015. "Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines." American Psychologist 70 (6): 543-556, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039210. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    28. Kosinski, M., D. Stillwell, T. Graepel. 2013. "Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (15): 5802-5805, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218772110. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    29. Kuo, L. 2019. "China bans 23m from buying travel tickets as part of 'Social credit' system." The Guardian [online]. [cit. 18. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/china-bans-23m-discredited-citizens-from-buying-travel-tickets-social-credit-system.
    30. Landau, S. 2013. "Making Sense from Snowden: What's Significant in the NSA Surveillance Revelations." IEEE Security & Privacy 11 (4): 54-63, https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2013.90. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    31. Larson, Q. 2017. "I'll never bring my phone on an international flight again. Neither should you." FreeCodeCamp [online]. [cit. 24. 4. 2019]. Dostupné z:https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/ill-never-bring-my-phone-on-an-international-flight-again-neither-should-you-e9289cde0e5f/.
    32. Lazer, D., A. Pentland, L. Adamic, S. Aral, A.-L. Barabási, D. Brewer, N. Christakis, N. Contractor, J. Fowler, M. Gutmann, T. Jebara, G. King, M. Macy, D. Roy, M. Van Alstyne. 2009. "SOCIAL SCIENCE: Computational Social Science." Science 323 (5915): 721-723. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167742. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    33. Liao, R. 2019. "A government propaganda app is going viral in China." Techcrunch [online]. [cit. 15. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/01/china-propaganda-app/.
    34. Liu, J., J. Li., W. Li., J. Wu. 2016. "Rethinking big data: A review on the data quality and usage issues." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 115: 134-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.11.006. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    35. Lyons, P. 2017. "Political knowledge in the Czech republic." Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v. v. i.
    36. Ma, A. 2018. "China has started ranking citizens with a creepy 'social credit' system - here's what you can do wrong, and the embarrassing, demeaning ways they can punish you." Business Insider [online]. [cit. 1. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.businessinsider.c.om/china-social-credit-system-punishments-and-rewards-explained-2018-4.
    37. MacAskill, E. 2015. "The NSA's bulk metadata collection authority just expired. What now?" The Guardian [online]. [cit. 3. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/nov/28/nsa-bulk-metadata-collection-expires-usa-freedom-act.
    38. Manovich, L. 2011. "Trending: The Promises and the Challenges of Big Social Data." Pp. 460-475 in M. K. Gold. Debates in the Digital Humanities, https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816677948.003.0047. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    39. Matz, S. C., M. Kosinski, G. Nave, D. J. Stillwell. 2017. "Psychological targeting as an effective approach to digital mass persuasion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (48): 12714-12719, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710966114. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    40. Mills, C. W. (1959) 2000. The sociological imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
    41. myPersonality. n.d. "Publications." MyPersonality.org [online]. [cit. 6. 3. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://sites.google.com/michalkosinski.com/mypersonality/publications.
    42. MZČR. 2020. "Chytrá karanténa." Ministerstvo zdravotnictví ČR [online]. [cit. 30. 4. 2020]. Dostupné z: https://koronavirus.mzcr.cz/chytra-karantena/.
    43. Nowak, M., D. Eckles. 2016. US20160283485A1: Determining user personality characteristics from social networking system communications and characteristics. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Dostupné z: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160283485A1/en.
    44. Olshannikova, E., T. Olsson, J. Huhtamäki, H. Kärkkäinen. 2017. "Conceptualizing Big Social Data." Journal of Big Data 4 (1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0063-x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    45. Parigi, P., J. J. Santana, K. S. Cook. 2017. "Online Field Experiments: Studying Social Interactions in Context." Social Psychology Quarterly 80 (1): 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272516680842. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    46. Paul, K. 2019. "Libra: Facebook launches cryptocurrency in bid to shake up global finance." The Guardian [online]. [cit. 18. 6. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jun/18/libra-facebook-cryptocurrency-new-digital-money-transactions.
    47. Penzenstadler, N., B. Heath, J. Guynn. 2018. "We read every one of the 3,517 Facebook ads bought by Russians. Here's what we found." USA Today [online]. [cit. 20. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/05/11/what-we-found-facebook-ads-russians-accused-election-meddling/602319002/.
    48. Quercia, D., M. Kosinski, D. Stillwell, J. Crowcroft. 2011. "Our Twitter Profiles, Our Selves: Predicting Personality With Twitter." Pp. 180-185 in 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing, https://doi.org/10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.26. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    49. Rieder, B., 2013. "Studying Facebook via data extraction." Pp. 346-355 in Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference on - WebSci '13, https://doi.org/10.1145/2464464.2464475. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    50. Rieder, B. 2018. "Facebook's app review and how independent research just got a lot harder." The Politics of Systems [online]. [cit. 28. 3. 2019]. Dostupné z: http://thepoliticsofsystems.net/2018/08/facebooks-app-review-and-how-independent-research-just-got-a-lot-harder/.
    51. Rincon, J. A., A. Costa, P. Novais, V. Julian, C. Carrascosa. 2016. "Using Non-invasive Wearables for Detecting Emotions with Intelligent Agents." Pp. 77-84 in M. Graña, J. López-Guede, O. Etxaniz, Á. Herrero, H. Quintián, E. Corchado (eds.). International Joint Conference SOCO'16-CISIS'16-ICEUTE'16. SOCO 2016, ICEUTE 2016, CISIS 2016. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 527. Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47364-2_8. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    52. Savage, M., R. Burrows. 2007. "The Coming Crisis of Empirical Sociology." Sociology 41 (5): 885-899, https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038507080443. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    53. Schrage, E., D. Ginsberg. 2018. "Facebook Launches New Initiative to Help Scholars Assess Social Media's Impact on Elections." Facebook Newsroom [online]. [cit. 15. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/04/new-elections-initiative/.
    54. Selfhout, M., W. Burk, S. Branje, J. Denissen, M. Van Aken, W. Meeus. 2010. "Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and Big Five personality traits: A social network approach." Journal of personality 78 (2): 509-538, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00625.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    55. Solon, O. 2017. "Facebook can track your browsing even after you've logged out, judge says." The Guardian [online]. [cit. 29. 3. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/03/facebook-track-browsing-history-california-lawsuit.
    56. Statista. 2019. "Number of daily active Facebook users worldwide as of 1st quarter 2019." Statista [online]. [cit. 24. 5. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.statista.com/statistics/346167/facebook-global-dau/.
    57. Šlerka, J., V. Šisler. 2018. "Who Is Shaping Your Agenda? Social Network Analysis of Anti-Islam and Anti-immigration Movement Audiences on Czech Facebook." Pp. 61-85 in Expressions of Radicalization, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65566-6_3. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    58. Twitter, Inc. 2020. "Information operations." Transparency report [online]. [cit. 1. 5. 2020]. Dostupné z: https://transparency.twitter.com/en/information-operations.html.
    59. Vochocová, L., J. Mazák, V. Štětka. 2010. "Nic pro holky? Genderové nerovnosti v politické participaci na sociálních sítích." Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum 17 (2): 64-75, https://doi.org/10.13060/12130028.2016.17.2.283. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    60. Youyou, W., M. Kosinski, D. Stillwell. 2015. "Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (4): 1036-1040, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418680112. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    61. Zelenka, J., T. Málek, M. Šulek, Š. Korčiš. 2016. "Češi v zajetí sociálních bublin." Lidovky.cz [online]. [cit. 8. 4. 2019]. Dostupné z: https://www.lidovky.cz/bubliny.aspx.

    Tento článek je publikován v režimu tzv. otevřeného přístupu k vědeckým informacím (Open Access), který je distribuován pod licencí Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), která umožňuje distribuci, reprodukci a změny, pokud je původní dílo řádně ocitováno. Není povolena distribuce, reprodukce nebo změna, která není v souladu s podmínkami této licence.


    Zpět na obsah