Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2015, 51(3): 387-416 | DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2015.51.3.184

The Notion of Social Class in Czech Political Discourse

Karel Musílek, Tomáš Katrňák
Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno

The article studies the discourse on social class that emerged around the Czech parliamentary election of 2010. The authors look at Czech discourse from the perspective of the wider discussion about the role that the notion of class plays in post-communist societies. While some researchers argue that social class is absent as a category within post-communist political discourse, other researchers report the existence of derogatory discourse on the lower classes and even consistent symbolic boundaries between classes. This analysis contributes to the discussion by offering recent evidence of both the rejection and the use of class-based classification in the discourse. The authors argue that the rejection of the notion of class goes hand in hand with the symbolic division of society into class-like groups. They illustrate how these divisions are tied to the idea of a legitimate political subjectivity and conclude by noting similarities to contemporary 'Western' discourse on social class.

Keywords: social class, inequality, political discourse, post-socialism, Czech society

Published: June 1, 2015Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Musílek, K., & Katrňák, T. (2015). The Notion of Social Class in Czech Political Discourse. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review51(3), 387-416. doi: 10.13060/00380288.2015.51.3.184.
Download citation

References

  1. Alieva, D. 1994. 'Zbezvýznamňovanie Ľudského Života Ako Generačný Problém.' (Designification of Human Life as a Generational Problem) Sociológia 26 (3): 207-216.
  2. Balockaite, R. 2009. 'Can You Hear Us?: The Lower Class in Lithuanian Media and Politics.' Problems of Post-communism 56 (1): 12-22. Go to original source...
  3. Bauer, M. W. and B. Aarts. 2000. 'Corpus Construction: A Principle for Qualitative Data Collection.' Pp. 19-37 in Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Ssound, edited by M. W. Bauer and G. Gaskell. London: Sage.
  4. Bauman, Z. 1994. 'After the Patronage State: A Model in Search of Class Interests.' Pp. 14-35 in The New Great Transformation?: Change and Continuity in East-Central Europe, edited by C. G. A. Bryant and E. Mokrzycki. London and New York: Routledge.
  5. Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  6. Bourdieu, P. 1987. 'What Makes a Social Class? On the Theoretical and Practical Existence of Groups.' Berkeley Journal of Sociology 32: 1-17.
  7. Bourdieu, P. 1989. 'Social Space and Symbolic Power.' Sociological Theory 7 (1): 14-25, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/202060. Go to original source...
  8. Bourdieu, P. 1990. The Logic of Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  9. Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  10. Bourdieu, P. and J. C. Passeron. 1990. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London and Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  11. Brubaker, R. and F. Cooper. 2000. 'Beyond "Identity".' Theory and Society 29 (1): 1-47, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007068714468. Go to original source...
  12. Clifford, M. 2001. Political Genealogy after Foucault: Savage Identities. London: Routledge.
  13. Devine, F. and M. Savage. 2005. 'The Cultural Turn, Sociology and Class Analysis.' Pp. 1-23 in Rethinking Class: Culture, Identities and Lifestyle, edited by F. Devine, M. Savage and R. Crompton. Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Go to original source...
  14. Dijk, van T. 1997. 'What Is Political Discourse Analysis?' Pp. 11-52 in Political Linguistics, edited by J. Blommaert and C. Bulcaen. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Go to original source...
  15. Eglitis, D. 2011. 'Class, Culture, and Consumption: Representations of Stratification in Post-Communist Latvia.' Cultural Sociology 5 (3): 423-446, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1749975510379963. Go to original source...
  16. Erikson, R. and J. H. Goldthorpe. 1992. The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  17. Eyal, G. 2003. The Origins of Postcommunist Elites: From Prague Spring to the Breakup of Czechoslovakia. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  18. Eyal, G., I. Szelényi and E. R. Townsley. 2000. Making Capitalism without Capitalists: Class Formation and Elite Struggles in Post-Communist Central Europe. London: Verso.
  19. Fairclough, N. 2001. 'The Discourse of New Labour.' Pp. 229-266 in Discourse as Data: A Guide for Analysis, edited by M. Wetherell, S. Taylor and S. Yates. London: SAGE in association with The Open University.
  20. Foucault, M. 1981. 'The Order of Discourse.' Pp. 48-78 in Untying the Text: A PostStructuralist Reader, edited by R. Young. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul PLC.
  21. Foucault, M. 2000. 'Foucault.' Pp. 459-463 in Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology. New York: The New Press.
  22. Foucault, M. 2001a. 'The Political Technology of Individuals.' Pp. 403-417 in Power, edited by P. Rabinow. New York: The New Press.
  23. Foucault, M. 2001b. 'The Subject and Power.' Pp. 326-348 in Power, edited by P. Rabinow. New York: The New Press.
  24. Foucault, M. 2002. The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Routledge.
  25. Gąsior-Niemiec, A., G. Glasze and R. Pütz. 2009. 'A Glimpse over the Rising Walls: The Reflection of Post-communist Transformation in the Polish Discourse of Gated Communities.' East European Politics & Societies 23 (2): 244-265, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325408328749. Go to original source...
  26. Gill, R. 2000. 'Discourse Analysis.' Pp. 19-37 in Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound, edited by M. W. Bauer and G. Gaskell. London: Sage.
  27. Hindess, B. 1996. 'Liberalism, Socialism and Democracy: Variations on a Governmental Theme.' Pp. 65-80 in Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-liberalism and Rationalities of Government, edited by A. Barry, T. Osborne and N. S. Rose. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  28. Howarth, D. R. 2000. Discourse. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  29. Hvížďala, K. 2003. Moc a nemoc médií: rozhovory, eseje a články 2000-2003. (The Power and Illness of the Media: Interviews, Essays and Articles 2000-2003) 1st ed. Prague: Máj.
  30. Katrňák, T. 2005. Třídní analýza a sociální mobilita. (Class Analysis and Social Mobility) Brno: CDK.
  31. Katrňák, T. and P. Fučík. 2010. Návrat k sociálnímu původu: vývoj sociální stratifikace české společnosti v letech 1989 až 2009. (A Return to Social Background: Social Stratification in Czech Society between 1989 and 2009) 1st ed. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury (CDK), Masarykova univerzita.
  32. Kennedy, M. D. 1994. 'An Introduction to East European Ideology and Identity in Transformation.' Pp. 1-45 in Envisioning Eastern Europe: Postcommunist Cultural Studies, edited by M. D. Kennedy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Go to original source...
  33. Kennedy, M. D. 2002. Cultural Formations of Postcommunism: Emancipation, Transition, Nation, and War. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  34. Kennedy, M. D. and N. Harsanyi. 1994. 'Between Utopia and Dystopia. The Liabilities of Nationalism in Eastern Europe.' Pp. 149-179 in Envisioning Eastern Europe: Postcommunist Cultural Studies, edited by M. D Kennedy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Go to original source...
  35. Kideckel, D. A. 2002. 'The Unmaking of an East-Central European Working Class.' Pp. 114-132 in Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies, and Practices in Eurasia, edited by C. M. Hann. London: Routledge.
  36. Kideckel, D. A. 2009. 'Getting By in the Last Decade: Reflections on the Conditions of Workers, the Market and Capitalism in Two Romanian Regions.' Journal of International Relations and Development 12 (4): 403-409, http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jird.2009.23. Go to original source...
  37. Klusáková, M. 2010. 'Jaký je hodnotový svět českých médií? Proměna a zastoupení vybraných hodnot v českých celostátních denících v letech 1988-2009.' (What Is the World of Values of the Czech Media? The Transformation and Representation of Selected Values in Czech National Dailies in 1988- 2009) MA thesis, Department of Media Studies and Journalism, Masaryk University, Brno.
  38. Kolářová, M. 2008a. 'Sociální třída v médiích. Relikt třídního boje, nebo zamlžený concept?' (Social Class in the Media: A Relic of Class Conflict or a Cloudy Concept) Pp. 71-80 in Vnímání a utváření sociálních distancí a třídních nerovností v české společnosti, edited by M. Kolářová and K. Vojtíšková. Prague: Sociologický ústav AV ČR.
  39. Kolářová, M. 2008b. 'Vnímání a konstruování sociální třídy a zařazování se do třídy.' (The Perception and Construction of Social Class and Class Ranking) Pp. 52-70 in Vnímání a utváření sociálních distancí a třídních nerovností v české společnosti, edited by M. Kolářová and K. Vojtíšková. Prague: Sociologický ústav AV ČR.
  40. Kubicek, P. 1999. 'Organized Labor in Postcommunist States: Will the Western Sun Set on It, Too?' Comparative Politics 32 (1): 83-102. Go to original source...
  41. Kubicek, P. 2002. 'Civil Society, Trade Unions and Post-Soviet Democratisation: Evidence from Russia and Ukraine.' Europe-Asia Studies 54 (4): 603-624, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668130220139181. Go to original source...
  42. Kumar, K. 1992. 'The Revolutions of 1989: Socialism, Capitalism and Democracy.' Theory and Society 21 (3): 309-356, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993452. Go to original source...
  43. Kumar, K. 1995. 'The Revolutions of 1989 in East-Central Europe and the Idea of Revolution.' Pp.127-153 in Culture, Modernity and Revolution: Essays in Honour of Zygmunt Bauman, edited by R. Kilminster and I. Varcoe. New York: Routledge.
  44. Marx, K. 1963. 'Ke Kritice Politické Ekonomie-Předmluva.' (On Criticism of Political Economy-Foreword) Pp. 35-39 in Spisy 13 vol. 13. Prague: Státní nakladatelství politické literatury.
  45. Marx, K. and F. Engels. 1958. 'Manifest Komunistické strany.' (The Communist Manifesto) Pp. 423-462 in Spisy 4, vol. 4. Prague: Státní nakladatelství politické literatury.
  46. Mokrzycki, E. 1994. 'Revenge of the Utopia.' Pp. 73-86 in Envisioning Eastern Europe: Postcommunist Cultural Studies, edited by M. D. Kennedy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  47. Nedbálková, K. 2012. 'Tak daleko, tak blízko: Dělnická třída v České republice.' (So Far, So Near: The Working Class in the Czech Republic) Sociální studia 2012 (3): 85-100.
  48. Ost, D. 2000. 'Illusory Corporatism in Eastern Europe: Neoliberal Tripartism and Postcommunist Class Identities.' Politics & Society 28 (4): 503-530, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329200028004004. Go to original source...
  49. Ost, D. 2009. 'The Invisibility and Centrality of Class after Communism.' International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society IJPS 22 (4): 497-515, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10767-009-9079-3. Go to original source...
  50. Parker, I. 2004. 'Discourse Analysis.' Pp. 308-313 in A Companion to Qualitative Research, edited by U. Flick, E. von Kardorff and I. Steinke. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  51. Potter, J. and M. Wetherell. 2001. 'Unfolding Discourse Analysis.' Pp. 198-209 in Discourse Theory and Practice, edited by M. Wetherell, S. Taylor and S. Yates. London: SAGE.
  52. Rose, N. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  53. Šafr, J. 2007. 'Nerovnosti v bydlení a obecné bytové politiky: "Jsou nájemníci a nájemníci."' (Inequalities in Housing and Housing Policy: 'There Are Tenants and There Are Tenants) Pp. 42-55 in Sociální nerovnosti v kvalitativním výzkumu, edited by J. Šanderová. Prague: Institut sociologických studií.
  54. Šafr, J. and O. Šmídová. 2009. 'Nerovnosti v bydlení z pohledu vlastníků domů.' (Housing Inequalities from the Perspective of Building Owners) Pp. 160-223 in Sociální konstrukce nerovností pod kvalitativní lupou, edited by J. Šanderová and O. Šmídová. Prague: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  55. Šanderová, J. (ed.) 2006. Nerovnosti kolem nás. Analýza utváření sociálních nerovností v každodenním životě. (Inequalities around Us: An Analysis of the Formation of Inequalities in Everyday Life) Prague: Tomáš Bitrich.
  56. Šanderová, J. (ed.) 2007a. Sociální nerovnosti v kvalitativním výzkumu. (Social Inequalities in Qualitative Research) Prague: Institut sociologických studií.
  57. Šanderová, J. 2007b. 'Teoretický rámec a první krok k zobecnění. Společný jmenovatel zkoumaných nerovností.' (A Theoretical Framework and the First Step towards a Generalisation: The Common Denominator of Social Inequalities) Pp. 11-24 in Sociální nerovnosti v kvalitativním výzkumu, edited by J. Šanderová. Prague: Institut sociologických studií.
  58. Šanderová, J. and O. Šmídová. (eds.) 2009. Sociální konstrukce nerovností pod kvalitativní lupou. (The Social Construction of Inequalities under a Qualitative Lens) 1st ed. Prague: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  59. Savage, M. 2008. 'Culture, Class and Classification.' Pp. 467-487 in The SAGE Handbook of Cultural Analysis, edited by T. Bennett and J. Frow. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Go to original source...
  60. Silverman, D. 2000. 'Analyzing Talk and Text.' Pp. 821-834 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  61. Skeggs, B. 2004. Class, Self, Culture. London: Routledge.
  62. Skeggs, B. 2005. 'The Rebranding of Class: Propertising Culture.' Pp. 46-49 in Rethinking Class: Culture, Identities and Lifestyle, edited by F. Devine, M. Savage and R. Crompton. Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Go to original source...
  63. Stenning, A. 2005. 'Re-Placing Work: Economic Transformations and the Shape of a Community in Post-Socialist Poland.' Work, Employment & Society 19 (2): 235-259, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017005053169. Go to original source...
  64. Taylor, S. 2001. 'Locating and Conducting Discourse Analytic Research.' Pp. 5-48 in Discourse as Data: A Guide for Analysis, edited by M. Wetherell, S. Taylor and S. Yates. London: SAGE in association with The Open University.
  65. Vojtíšková, K. 2008. 'Sociální nerovnosti a distance v české společnosti. Jak "normální" vidí ty "dole" a ty "nahoře".' (Social Inequalities and Distances in Czech Society: How 'Normal' People See Those 'On the Bottom' and Those 'On the Top) Pp. 19-51 in Vnímání a utváření sociálních distancí a třídních nerovností v české společnosti, edited by M. Kolářová and K. Vojtíšková. Prague: Sociologický ústav AV ČR.
  66. Wacquant, L. 1991. 'Making Class: The Middle Class(es) in Social Theory and Social Structure.' Pp. 39-64 in Bringing Class Back in Contemporary and Historical Perspectives, edited by S. G. McNall, R. F. Levine and R. Fantasia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Go to original source...
  67. Wacquant, L. 2013. 'Symbolic Power and Group-Making: On Pierre Bourdieu's Reframing of Class.' Journal of Classical Sociology 13 (2): 274-291, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468795X12468737. Go to original source...
  68. Weiner, E. 2007. Market Dreams Gender, Class, and Capitalism in the Czech Republic. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Go to original source...
  69. Wetherell, M. 2001. 'Themes in Discourse Research: The Case of Diana.' Pp. 14-28 in Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader, edited by M. Wetherell, S. Taylor and S. J. Yates. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
  70. Wood, L. A. and R. O. Kroger. 2000. Doing Discourse Analysis: Methods for Studying Action in Talk and Text. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
  71. Wright, E. O. 1985. Classes. London: Verso.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.