Thermoluminescence in Chloroplasts as an Indicator of Alterations in Photosystem 2 Reaction Centre by Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

A.N. Misra, F. Dilnawaz, M. Misra, A.K. Biswal

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):1-9 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012480114479

Thermoluminescence (TL) in green plants arises from charge recombination of charged molecules in the reaction centre (RC) of photosystem 2 (PS2) in chloroplasts. The TL technique is used for detection of alterations in the architecture of PS2 RCs. The donor side 'S-states' and the acceptor side quinone molecules (Q_A and Q_B) are involved the charge recombination processes of PS2. High temperature (70-75 °C) glow peaks are also used to detect non-photosynthetic peroxidation processes in thylakoid membranes. The TL peaks with their characteristic charge recombination can be utilised for the study of chloroplast development, ageing,...

Yunus, M., Pathre, U., Mohanty, P. (ed.): Probing Photosynthesis. Mechanisms, Regulation and Adaptation

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):10 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012472725383

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Chloroplasts of Primary Wheat Leaves Grown under Different Irradiance

Rajendra K. Behera, Nakul K. Choudhury

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):11-15 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012475331318

The rate of accumulation of total chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) of leaves grown under high irradiance, HI (30 and 45 W m^-2) was faster than at moderate irradiance, MI (15 W m^-2). However, the senescence phase started earlier in the samples and proceeded at a faster rate. Chl a/b and Chl (a+b)/Car values showed faster loss of Chl a (compared to Chl b) and Chl (a+b) (compared to Car) in HI leaves. Protein accumulation and loss were also similar to that of Chl (a+b) content. Increase in Chl fluorescence during the development phase may suggest a gradual change...

Gaponenko, V.I., Nikolaeva, G.N., Shevchuk, S.N.: Obnovlenie Khlorofilla i Produktivnost' Rasteniï

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):16 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012424809453

Photoinhibition in Chilling Stressed Leguminosae: Comparison of Vicia Faba and Pisum Sativum

F.C. Lidon, G. Ribeiro, H. Santana, H. Marques, K. Correia, S. Gouveia

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):17-22 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012427415388

The concentrations of photosynthetic pigments decreased in both chilling stressed species but the ratios of chlorophyll (Chl) a/b and total carotenoids (Car)/Chls were depressed only in faba bean. The contents of α+β carotene and lutein+lutein-5,6-epoxide remained unaffected in both species, but the de-epoxidation state involving the components of xanthophyll cycle increased in pea. Under chilling stress the photosynthetic electron transport associated with photosystem 2, PS2 (with and without the water oxidising complex) decreased in both plant species, the inhibition being higher in faba bean. The intrachloroplast quinone pool also...

Effect of Irradiance on the Thermal Stability of Thylakoid Membrane Isolated from Acclimated Wheat Leaves

A.K. Singh, G.S. Singhal

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):23-27 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012479432226

Thermal stability of thylakoid membranes isolated from acclimated and non-acclimated wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HD 2329) leaves under irradiation was studied. Damage to the photosynthetic electron transport activity was more pronounced in thylakoid membranes isolated from non-acclimated leaves as compared to thylakoid membrane isolated from acclimated wheat leaves at 35 °C. The loss of D1 protein was faster in non-acclimated thylakoid membrane as compared to acclimated thylakoid membranes at 35 °C. However, the effect of elevated temperature on the 33 kDa protein associated with oxygen evolving complex in these two types of thylakoid membranes...

Kjellsson, G., Strandberg, M.: Monitoring and Surveillance of Genetically Modified Higher Plants

M. Ondřej

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):28 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012428910362

Gas Exchange of In Vitro and Ex Vitro Grown Grapevine Plants

T. Slavtcheva, V. Dimitrova

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):29-33 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012431516297

Net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and dark respiration rate (R_D) were measured in Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Dimiat 4/24 (23^rd subculture), Dimiat 4/38 (22^nd subculture), and Italian Riesling 3/47 (22^nd subculture) on days 3, 2, and 1 (1^st series) before transfer from the in vitro culture and on days 14, 15, 16 (2^nd series) and 28, 29, 30 (3^rd series) after the transfer. P_N of in vitro and ex vitro plants was strongly affected by irradiance. P_N and R_D of in vitro plantlets...

Becker, O.M., McKerell, A.D., Jr., Roux, B., Watanabe, M.: Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics

J. Nauš

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):34 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012420708544

Gas Exchange and Epidermal Characteristics of Miscanthus Populations in Taiwan Varying with Habitats and Nitrogen Application

J. H. Weng, F. H. Hsu

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):35-41 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012483600367

Seventeen clones of C₄ grass Miscanthus spp. collected from different climatic regions and elevations of Taiwan were transplanted in pots. 15-16 months after collection the plants received 0, 1, and 2 g of nitrogen fertiliser (N₀, N₁, and N₂, respectively) per pot. All the measurements were done 10-12 d after N application. The relationships between net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and photon flux density (PFD) showed a saturated curve, with PFD saturation at about 1 000 µmol m^-2 s^-1. The ranges of PFD saturated P_N (P_sat)...

Lal, R. (ed.): Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):42 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012476826291

Modelling Diurnal Courses of Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Leaves on the Basis of Stomatal and Non-Stomatal Responses, Including Photoinhibition

Orang Yu, J. Goudriaan, Tian-Duo Wang

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):43-51 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012435717205

A mathematical model for photoinhibition of leaf photosynthesis was developed by formalising the assumptions that (1) the rate of photoinhibition is proportional to irradiance; and (2) the rate of recovery, derived from the formulae for a pseudo first-order process, is proportional to the extent of inhibition. The photoinhibition model to calculate initial photo yield is integrated into a photosynthesis-stomatal conductance (g_s) model that combines net photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (E), and g_s, and also the leaf energy balance. The model was run to simulate the...

Hoffmann, P., Knobloch, D., Kämpfe, L., Meißner, K., Schenke, G., Schöneich, J., Schröder, H., Sedlag, U., Heinrich, D., in co-operation with Gemeinhardt, H.-D., Heinzel, K., König, I., Schleicher, S.: Biologie. Lehrbuch für Sekundarstufe II

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):52 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012480927200

Senescence Retarding Effect of Metal Ions: Pigment and Protein Contents and Photochemical Activities of Detached Primary Leaves of Wheat

D. Subhan, S.D.S. Murthy

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):53-58 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012487718114

Al³⁺ significantly delayed the loss of chlorophyll (Chl), protein, and carotenoids when compared to K⁺ and Mg²⁺ during dark-induced senescence of detached primary leaves of Triticum aestivum. Thylakoid membranes isolated from Al³⁺ - treated leaves showed a better retention of photosystem (PS) 2, PS1, and whole chain electron transport activities than thylakoids of K⁺- or Mg²⁺-treated leaves. These ions protected the electron transport activities and restored the DCMU-dependent fluorescence increase of thylakoid membranes in a valency-dependent manner. Al³⁺ also delayed...

Effect of Iron Deficiency Induced Changes on Photosynthetic Pigments, Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase, and Photosystem Activities in Field Grown Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir) Leaves

M. Bertamini, N. Nedunchezhian, B. Borghi

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):59-65 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012491802184

The effect of iron deficiency on photosynthetic pigments, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC), and photosystem activities were investigated in field grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir) leaves. The contents of chlorophyll (Chl) (a+b) and carotenoids per unit fresh mass showed a progressive decrease upon increase in iron deficiency. Similar results were also observed in content of total soluble proteins and RuBPC activity. The marked loss of large (55 kDa) and small (15 kDa) subunits of RuBPC was also observed in severely chlorotic leaves. However, when various photosynthetic electron transport activities...

Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion: 1998 Assessment

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):66 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012433011270

The Effect of In Vitro Culture Conditions on the Pattern of Photoinhibition during Acclimation of Gardenia Plantlets to Ex Vitro Conditions

M.D. Serret, M.I. Trillas, J.L. Araus

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):67-73 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012443919022

We tested the effect of growing conditions during micropropagation on the fast kinetics of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis plantlets during a 4-week acclimation to ex vitro. We studied whether photoautotrophic growing in vitro produced plantlets with less photoinhibition impairment during acclimation. Of the growing conditions stimulating photoautotrophy in vitro, only loose tube caps had a positive effect, whereas low sucrose or sucrose-free content in the medium and high PPFD showed a negative effect. Thus, plantlets cultured with 3 % (m/v) of sucrose were subsequently less photoinhibited throughout...

Photosynthetic Activity of Ripening Tomato Fruit

S. Carrara, A. Pardossi, G.F. Soldatini, F. Tognoni, L. Guidi

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):75-78 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012495903093

Gas exchanges, chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence and carboxylation activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were determined in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits picked at different developmental stages (immature, red-turning, mature, and over-ripe). The fruits did not show signs of CO₂ fixation. However, photochemical activity was detectable and an effective electron transport was observed, the values of Chl fluorescence parameters in green fruits being similar to those determined in the leaves. The RuBPCO activity, which was similar to those...

Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Responses to Irradiance of Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus Altissima) in Contrasting Urban Environments

E.P. Hamerlynck

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):79-86 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012448019931

Sun-and shade-adapted plants of Ailanthus altissima utilized thermal-dissipative photoprotection (NPQ) across a range of photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD), with higher NPQ and lower maximum quantum yield of photosystem 2 photochemistry (F_v/F_m) in sun-adapted individuals, suggesting increased engagement of antennae-based quenching. Photosynthetic quantum requirements (Q_req; number of photons per CO₂) were similar in sun and shade plants, but were low and comparable to forest understory species. Diurnal measurements showed that PPFDs in both habitats were consistently above photosynthetic compensation...

Vacuole Cysteine Proteases and Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Degradation during Monocarpic Senescence in Cowpea Leaves

B. Srivalli, Sudhakar Bharti, Renu Khanna-Chopra

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):87-93 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012400104001

Characterisation of proteases degrading ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO, EC: 4.1.1.39) was studied in the cowpea leaf during monocarpic senescence 3 and 9 d after flowering (DAF), representing early and mid pod fill. The stage at 3 DAF coincided with decrease in the metabolic parameters characterising senescence, i.e., contents of total soluble proteins, RuBPCO, and leaf nitrogen. At 9 DAF, there was a decline in total soluble proteins and an appearance of a 48 kDa cysteine protease. Characterisation of the proteases was done using specific inhibitors. Subcellular localisation at 3 DAF was studied by following the degradation...

Water Stress and Day-To-Day Variation in Apparent Photosynthetic Acclimation of Field-Grown Soybeans to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration

J.A. Bunce, R.C. Sicher

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):95-101 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012452120840

Midday measurements of single leaf gas exchange rates of upper canopy leaves of soybeans grown in the field at 350 (AC) and 700 (EC) µmol(CO₂) mol^-1 in open topped chambers sometimes indicated up to 50 % higher net photosynthetic rates (P_N) measured at EC in plants grown at AC compared to EC. On other days mean P_N were nearly identical in the two growth [CO₂] treatments. There was no seasonal pattern to the variable photosynthetic responses of soybean to growth [CO₂]. Even on days with significantly lower P_N in the plants grown at EC, there was no...

Influence of Potassium Deficiency on Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll Content, and Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Cotton Plants

Duli Zhao, D.M. Oosterhuis, C.W. Bednarz

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):103-109 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012404204910

In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in controlled-environment growth chamber the effects of K deficiency during floral bud development on leaf photosynthesis, contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and nonstructural saccharides, leaf anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure, and plant dry matter accumulation were studied. After cotton plants received 35-d K-free nutrient solution at the early square stage, net photosynthetic rate (P_N) of the uppermost fully expanded main-stem leaves was only 23 % of the control plants receiving a full K supply. Decreased leaf P_N of K-deficient cotton was mainly associated with dramatically...

Carbonic Anhydrase, Photosynthesis, and Seed Yield in Mustard Plants Treated with Phytohormones

S. Hayat, A. Ahmad, M. Mobin, Q. Fariduddin, Z.M. Azam

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):111-114 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012456205819

The leaves of 30-d-old plants of Brassica juncea Czern & Coss cv. Varuna were sprayed with 10^-6 M aqueous solutions of indole-3-yl-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), kinetin (KIN), and abscisic acid (ABA) or 10^-8 M of 28-homobrassinolide (HBR). All the phytohormones, except ABA, improved the vegetative growth and seed yield at harvest, compared with those sprayed with deionised water (control). HBR was most prominent in its effect, generating 32, 30, 36, 70, 25, and 29 % higher values for dry mass, chlorophyll content, carbonic anhydrase (E.C. 4.2.1.1) activity, and net photosynthetic rate in 60-d-old...

The Release of Extrinsic Polypeptides and Manganese Cluster from Photosystem 2 Membranes under High Hydrostatic Pressure

Y. Yu, S. M. Tian, K. C. Ruan, C. H. Xu

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):115-117 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012460322657

Three extrinsic polypeptides and manganese cluster were sequentially released from the membrane when photosystem 2 (PS2) membranes were kept under high hydrostatic pressure. The 17 kDa polypeptide was the most sensitive, while the 33 kDa polypeptide was the most reluctant to the treatment with high pressure. The release of manganese was not simply correlated with the loss of 33 kDa polypeptide. The losing of oxygen-evolving activity of PS2 was synchronised with the releasing of extrinsic polypeptides and manganese.

Effects of Phytoplasma [Stolbur-Subgroup (Bois Noir-BN)] on Photosynthetic Pigments, Saccharides, Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Nitrate and Nitrite Reductases, and Photosynthetic Activities in Field-Grown Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) Leaves

M. Bertamini, N. Nedunchezhian

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):119-122 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012412406727

In leaves of field-grown grapevine, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and soluble proteins and the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) and nitrate (NR) and nitrite (NiR) reductases were decreased in phytoplasma-infected leaves, but the contents of soluble sugars and total saccharides were markedly increased. In isolated thylakoids, phytoplasma caused marked inhibition of whole chain and photosystem 2 (PS2) activities. The artificial exogenous electron donor, diphenyl carbazide, significantly restored the loss of PS2 activity in infected leaves.

Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Water Use Efficiency in Two Divergent Leymus Chinensis Populations from Northeast China

R.Z. Wang, Q. Gao

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):123-126 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012464523566

The net photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (E), and water use efficiency (WUE) of two divergent Leymus chinensis populations from the grassland region of Northeast China were compared. The two populations experienced the similar habitats, but differed in leaf colour, stomata numbers, and chlorophyll contents. The leaf P_N for the grey-green (GG) population was greater than that for the yellow-green (YG) population, while the leaf E for GG population was lower than that for the YG population. The greater WUE for the GG population suggests that this type is more able to maintain higher...

Contribution of ΔpH and ΔE to Photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

Qing-Xiu Tang, Jia-Mian Wei

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):127-129 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012416607636

The contribution of two components (ΔpH and ΔE) of the proton motive force to photosynthesis of C. reinhardtii was studied. Valinomycin, a photophosphorylation uncoupler, decreased significantly the fast phase (related mainly to the membrane electric potential) of millisecond delayed light emission (ms-DLE) of C. reinhardtii. Nigericin, another photophosphorylation uncoupler, decreased the slow phase (related mainly to the proton gradient) and partly also the fast phase of ms-DLE. Both valinomycin and nigericin decreased the net ATP content and photosynthetic rate of C. reinhardtii, but the inhibition by nigericin was...

Bibliography of Reviews and Methods of Photosynthesis - 84

Z. Šesták, J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2001, 39(1):131-160 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1012468624474