Monitoring leaf photosynthesis with canopy spectral reflectance in rice

Y. Tian, Y. Zhu, W. Cao

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):481-489 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0078-y

Non-destructive and rapid method for assessment of leaf photosynthetic characteristics is needed to support photosynthesis modelling and growth monitoring in crop plants. We determined the quantitative relationships between leaf photosynthetic characteristics and canopy spectral reflectance under different water supply and nitrogen application rates. The responses of reflectance at red radiation (wavelength 680 nm) to different water contents and nitrogen rates were parallel to those of leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_N). The relationships of reflectance at 680 nm and ratio index of R(810,680) (near infrared/red, NIR/R) to P_N...

Book Review

M. Ondrej

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):490 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0079-x

Photosynthetic characteristics of dipterocarp species planted on degraded sandy soils in southern Thailand

M. Norisada, K. Kojima

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):491-499 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0080-4

To elucidate whether dipterocarp species, dominant late-successional species of tropical forests in Southeast Asia, actually have a disadvantage when planted on open site in terms of their photosynthetic characteristics, we investigated photosynthesis in dipterocarp seedlings planted in the open on degraded sandy soils in southern Thailand. These species were compared with seedlings of Acacia mangium Willd., a fast-growing tropical leguminous tree, which is often planted on degraded open site in Southeast Asia. The dipterocarp seedlings had an irradiance-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_s),...

Book Review

M. Ondrej

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):500 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0081-3

Photoprotective effects of high level expression of C₄ phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in transgenic rice during photoinhibition

D. M. Jiao, X. Li, B. H. Ji

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):501-508 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0082-2

With untransformed rice cv. Kitaake as control, the characteristics of carbon assimilation and photoprotection of a transgenic rice line over-expressing maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were investigated. The PEPC activity in untransformed rice was low, but the activity was stimulated under high irradiance or photoinhibitory condition. PEPC in untransformed rice contributed by about 5-10 % to photosynthesis, as shown by the application of the specific inhibitor 3,3-dichloro-2-(dihydroxyphosphinoylmethyl)propenoate (DCDP). When maize PEPC gene was introduced into rice, transgenic rice expressed high amount of maize PEPC protein and...

Isolation and characterization of paracrystalline structures from transgenic Pssu-ipt tobacco

H. Synkova, R. Schnablova, M. Husak, P. Siffel, L. Bumba, I. Hunalova, N. Cerovska, F. Vacha

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):509-517 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0083-1

Distinct crystalloids were found in chloroplasts of transgenic Pssu-ipt tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havana SR1) overproducing endogenous cytokinins. They were present both in rooted (T) and grafted (TC) transgenic plants contrary to control tobacco (C). The fractions enriched by crystalloids were isolated from chloroplasts using a continuous or a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence emission spectra at 77 K indicated the presence of aggregates of light-harvesting complex proteins (LHC2) that was not connected to reaction centres of photosystem 2 both in isolated chloroplasts and in the fraction...

Leaf anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure, and cellular localisation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) and RuBPCO activase in Amaranthus tricolor L.

J. Hong, D. A. Jiang, X. Y. Weng, W. B. Wang, D. W. Hu

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):519-528 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0084-0

In Amaranthus tricolor the leaf structure included three layers of chlorenchyma on the vascular bundle periphery, namely, mesophyll cells (MSCs) with few chloroplasts, outer larger round bundle sheath cells (BSCs) with many chloroplasts in a centripetal position, and inner smaller BSCs with few chloroplasts around the vascular bundle cells. The ultra-thin sections showed that BSCs had abundant organelles, namely many large and round mitochondria with well-developed cristae in the cytoplasm. The chloroplasts in the BSCs were lens-like bodies, which seemed to be oval on cross sections. Granal and intergranal thylakoids were usually distinguished....

Effects of heat treatment on the protein secondary structure and pigment microenvironment in photosystem 1 complex

Z. H. Hu, Y. N. Xu, Y. D. Gong, T. Y. Kuang

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):529-534 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0085-z

The protein secondary structure and pigments' microenvironment in photosystem 1 (PS1) complexes were studied in the temperature range of 25-80 °C using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, respectively. Quantitative analysis of the component bands of the amide I band (1 700-1 600 cm^-1) showed no significant change below 50 °C. However, apparent conformational changes occurred at 60 °C and further continued at 70 and 80 °C accompanied with transitions of secondary structure mainly from α-helix to the β-sheet structures. CD analysis demonstrated that the regular arrangement, viz. protein microenvironment...

C₃ and C₄ photosynthetic pathways and life form types for native species from agro-forestry region, Northeastern China

R.Z. Wang

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):535-549 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0086-y

Of the total 570 species, 194 species in 116 genera and 52 families were found with C₃ photosynthesis, 24 species in 17 genera and 6 families with C₄ photosynthesis, and 2 species in 1 genera and 1 family with CAM photosynthesis. 90 % of the total species can be found in Changbai Mountain flora, more a half (69 %) in North China flora, and about 1/3 in Mongolian flora and Xinan flora, respectively. The occurrence of C₄ species was not as common as that in adjacent grasslands and deserts, but relatively more than in the adjacent forests. Of the total 24 C₄ species, 63 % C₄ species (15 of 24) was...

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling). Effect of chilling nights

M. Bertamini, K. Muthuchelian, M. Rubinigg, R. Zorer, N. Nedunchezhian

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):551-557 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0087-x

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was investigated in control (C) and chilling night (CN) leaves of grapevine under natural photoperiod at different sampling time in a day. The degree of photoinhibition was determined by means of the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F_v/F_m) and photosynthetic electron transport measurements. When the potential efficiency of photosystem (PS) 2, F_v/F_m was measured at midday, it markedly declined with significant increase of F₀ in CN leaves. In isolated thylakoids, the rate of whole chain and PS2 activity were markedly decreased in CN leaves than...

Effects of grazing on photosynthetic characteristics of major steppe species in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

S. P. Chen, Y. F. Bai, G. H. Lin, Y. Liang, X. G. Han

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):559-565 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0088-9

Species composition and photosynthetic characteristics of dominant species of ungrazed plot (UG), overgrazed plot (OG), and restored grazed plot (RG) were determined in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Both heavily grazing and restoration significantly affected the composition of different species and life forms. Leymus chinensis, Stipa grandis, and Cleistogenes polyphylla, three dominant perennial grasses in UG plot, contributed 58.9 % aboveground biomass to that of whole community, and showed higher net photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (E), and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE). In...

Photosynthesis and photoinhibition after night chilling in seedlings of two tropical tree species grown under three irradiances

Y. L. Feng, K. F. Cao

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):567-574 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0089-8

We investigated the physiological effect of night chilling (CN) on potted seedlings of two tropical tree species, Calophyllum polyanthum and Linociera insignis, in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. Seedlings grown under 8, 25, and 50 % daylight for five months were moved to a 4-6 °C cold storage house for three consecutive nights, and returned to the original shaded sites during the day. CN resulted in strong suppression of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance for L. insignis, and reduced photorespiration rates, carboxylation efficiency, and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) at dawn and midday for both species....

Diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange and validation of a mathematical model for coffee (Coffea arabica L.) canopy photosynthesis

L. F. Gomez, J. C. Lopez, N. M. Riano, Y. Lopez, E. C. Montoya

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):575-582 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0090-2

Diurnal variations in net photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), internal CO₂ concentration (C_i), and water use efficiency (WUE) were studied on individual leaves of coffee plants to determine the effect of climatic factors on photosynthetic capacity. P_N and E showed bimodal behaviour with the maximum values of P_N at mid-morning. At noon, under saturating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and high leaf temperature (T_l), P_N declined. In the afternoon (14:00),...

Combined effects of elevated UV-B radiation and the addition of selenium on common (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and tartary [Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.] buckwheat

B. Breznik, M. Germ, A. Gaberscik, I. Kreft

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):583-589 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0091-1

The combined effects of UV-B irradiation and foliar treatment with selenium on two buckwheat species, common (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and tartary [Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.] buckwheat, that underwent different intensity of breeding, were examined. Plants grown outdoors under three levels of UV-B radiation were studied for 9 weeks, from sowing to ripening. At week 7 they were sprayed with solution containing 1 g(Se) m^-3 that presumably mitigates UV-B stress. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters of the plants were monitored. Elevated UV-B radiation, corresponding to a 17 % reduction of the ozone...

Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and lipid peroxidation of maize leaves as affected by zinc deficiency

H. Wang, J. Y. Jin

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):591-596 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0092-0

Pot trial in greenhouse was conducted using cumulic cinnamon soil from North China to study the effects of zinc deficiency on CO₂ exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, the intensity of lipid peroxidation, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in leaves of maize seedlings. Zn deficiency resulted in a reduction of net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance to H₂O. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) and the PS2 activity were depressed, while the pool size of the plastoquinone molecules was not affected by Zn deficiency. The content of super oxygen anion radical (O₂^.-) and the...

Photosynthesis in leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. infected with tobacco mosaic virus

N. Wilhelmova, D. Prochazkova, M. Sindelarova, L. Sindelar

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):597-602 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0093-z

In tobacco leaves inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), changes in chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid contents, parameters of slow Chl fluorescence kinetics, i.e. the maximum quantum yield of photosystem (PS2) photochemistry F_v/F_m, the effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PS2 Φ₂, ratio of quantum yields of photochemical and concurrent non-photochemical processes in PS2 F_v/F₀, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and photochemical activities of isolated chloroplasts from systemically infected tobacco leaves were investigated. We compared two successive stages...

What is the usual internal carbon dioxide concentration in C₄ species under midday field conditions?

J. A. Bunce

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):603-608 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0094-y

The carbon dioxide concentrating system in C₄ photosynthesis allows high net photosynthetic rates (P_N) at low internal carbon dioxide concentrations (C_i), permitting higher P_N relative to stomatal conductance (g_s) than in C₃ plants. This relation would be reflected in the ratio of C_i to external ambient (C_a) carbon dioxide concentration, which is often given as 0.3 or 0.4 for C₄ plants. For a C_a of 360 µmol mol^-1 that would mean a C_i about 110-140 µmol...

Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and oxidative stress tolerance in contrasting wheat genotypes

N. Sharma, N. K. Gupta, S. Gupta, H. Hasegawa

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):609-613 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0095-x

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes K-65 (salt tolerant) and HD 2329 (salt sensitive) were grown in pots under natural conditions and irrigated with NaCl solutions of electrical conductivity (ECe) 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 dS m^-1. Control plants were irrigated without saline water. Observations were made on the top most fully expanded leaf at tillering, anthesis, and grain filling stages. The net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_s), and transpiration rate (E) were reduced with the addition of NaCl. The reduction was higher in HD 2329 than in K-65. Salinity enhanced leaf to air...

Photosynthetic response of Quercus ilex L. plants grown on compost and exposed to increasing photon flux densities and elevated CO₂

C. Arena, L. Vitale, A. Virzo De Santo

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):615-619 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0096-9

Quercus ilex plants grown on two different substrates, sand soil (C) and compost (CG), were exposed to photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) at 390 and 800 µmol(CO₂) mol^-1 (C₃₉₀ and C₈₀₀). At C₈₀₀ both C and CG plants showed a significant increase of net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and electron transport rate (ETR) in response to PPFD increase as compared to C₃₉₀. In addition, at C₈₀₀ lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values were observed. The differences between C₃₉₀ and C₈₀₀ were related to PPFD. The higher P_N...

Bibliography of reviews and methods of photosynthesis - 89

Z. Sestak, J. Catsky

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):621-640 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0098-7

El-Sharkawy, M.A.: How can calibrated research-based models be improved for use as a tool in identifying genes controlling crop tolerance to environmental stresses in the era of genomics-from an experimentalist's perspective. - Photosynthetica 43 (2): 161-176, 2005.

M. A. El-Sharkawy

Photosynthetica 2005, 43(4):620 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-005-0097-8