The NADPH-dependent electron flow in chloroplasts of the higher plants

S. Wieckowski, M. Bojko

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):481-496 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006836706867

The NADPH-dependent reduction of some photosynthetic electron carriers in the dark, and the reduction of NADP+ associated with the glycolytic sequence and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in chloroplasts are reviewed. The postulated pathways of electron transports sensitive and insensitive to antimycin A are also evaluated. It is proposed that the electron flow, predominantly through cytochrome bf complex, may be also involved in the pathway of NADPH-dependent and antimycin A-insensitive back electron transport. An information on the chlororespiration in higher plants is also included.

The responses of photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence to changes of irradiance and temperature in two species of Miscanthus

Wen-Yuan Kao, Tyng-Tyng Tsai, Wang-Hwa Chen

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):497-504 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006888709593

Photosynthetic CO₂ uptake and chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence of C₄ perennial grasses, Miscanthus floridulus (Labill) Warb and M. transmorrisonensis Hayata, from altitudes in central Taiwan of 390 and 2700 m, respectively, were studied at 10 and 25 °C to find if the species differ in their photosynthetic responses to a low temperature, and whether their photosystems 2 become more susceptible to the photoinhibition at low temperatures. For both species, the maximum photosynthetic rate (P_max) was reduced when the leaves were exposed to 10 °C. At irradiances higher than 400 µmol m^-2 s^-1, the...

Effects of prolonged drought stress and nitrogen deficiency on the respiratory O2 uptake of bean and pepper leaves

M.A. González-Meler, R. Matamala, J. Peñuelas

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):505-512 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006801210502

We analyzed the combined effects of mild drought stress and severe nitrogen (N) deprivation on respiration of acclimated mature leaves of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Garrofal) and peppers (Capsicum annuum L., pure line B6). Rates of oxygen uptake were measured polarographically, and inhibitors were added to the closed cuvette to compare the effects of environmental stress on the cytochrome (cyt) and alternative pathways of mitochondrial respiration. Dark oxygen uptake was decreased by the water deficit treatment in both plants, and in the case of N limitation leaf respiration rates (R_D) of peppers were also reduced. R_D of...

Changes in morphological and anatomical structure of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) outer leaves and in ultrastructure of their chloroplasts caused by an in vitro excess of nickel

J. Molas

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):513-522 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006805327340

Morphological, anatomical and ultrastructural changes, the quantity and quality of stomata, and the chlorophyll (Chl) content in primary outer leaves of cabbage plants cv. Sława from Enkhouizen were examined. The plants were grown in agar with basic MS medium containing added nickel (as NiSO₄×7 H₂O) in concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 g m^-3 (Ni₀, Ni₅, Ni₁₀, Ni₂₀). Reduction of leaf blade area, of succulence and of leaf density, and growth of specific leaf area were noticed in plants treated with all concentrations of Ni. In Ni-treated plants the total number of stomata and...

Effects of simulated acid rain on the photosynthetic characteristics of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

V. Velikova, I. Yordanov, M. Kurteva, T. Tsonev

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):523-535 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006857311410

A single treatment with a low pH solution of bean plants led to serious changes in the net photosynthetic rate (P _N) as well as in various parameters of photosystem 2 (PS2) activity. A considerable suppression of P _N was established already in the first hours (3 and 5) following the acid treatment (pH 2.4-1.8). The period of strong inhibition of CO₂ uptake and photochemical activity was followed by the period of recovery (24-72 h). At a single spraying, pH values exceeding 2.0 did not lead to irreversible damages of the photosynthetic apparatus. The damages resulting from treatments with pH 2.0 and 1.8...

Filipowicz, W., Hohn, T. (ed.): Post-Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression in Plants

H. Synková

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):536 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006802622314

Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 in wheat cultivars

Poonam Sharma-Natu, F.A. Khan, M.C. Ghildiyal

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):537-543 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006809412319

Wheat (T. aestivum) cvs. Kalyansona and Kundan grown under atmospheric (CA) and elevated CO₂ concentrations (650±50 cm³ m^-3 - CE) in open top chambers were examined for net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal limitation (l _s) of P _N, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) activity, and saccharide content of the leaves. The P _N values of both CA- and CE-grown plants compared at the same CO₂ concentration showed a down regulation under CE at the post-anthesis stage. The negative acclimation of P _N appeared to be due...

Gardiner, W.P.: Statistics for the Biosciences

H. Synková

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):544 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006858806384

The photosynthetic characteristics of differently shaped leaves in Populus euphratica Olivier

H.L. Wang, S.D. Yang, C.L. Zhang

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):545-553 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006813513228

There is a distinct leaf shape polymorphism within a single plant of P. euphratica Olivier. The anatomical structure, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C), and stomatal and photosynthetic behaviour were investigated in broad-ovate (BOL) and lanceolate (LL) leaves, located at the top and bottom in crown, respectively, of a mature Euphrates poplar growing in its native habitat. Both types of leaves had a non-Kranz anatomy and low Δ¹³C values. However, Δ¹³C of a LL was in average 3.2‰ larger than that of a BOL. In comparison with the LL, the BOL had a smaller stomatal conductance, causing...

Allen, L.H., Jr., Kirkham, M.B., Olszyk, D.M., Whitman, C.E. (ed.): Advances in Carbon Dioxide Effects Research

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):554 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006850504567

Influence of photodynamic processes induced by 2,2'-dipyridyl on the enzymatic system of chlorophyll biosynthesis

V. Toneva, N. Shalygo, E. Yaronskaya, N. Averina, I. Minkov

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):555-560 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006817614136

The influence of 2,2'-dipyridyl (2,2'-DP) on the activity of one of the enzymes at the initial stages of chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD; δ-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.24), as well as on δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) accumulation was investigated in green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. In seven-day-old green leaves treated with 3 mM 2,2'-DP for 17 h in darkness and subsequently irradiated with "white light" (15 W m-2) for 4, 8, and 24 h the ALAD activity was 51 % as compared to that in untreated leaves. At the same time, the ALA forming system was most sensitive to the photodynamic...

Ort, D.R., Yocum, C.F. (ed.): Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):561-562 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006815024131

Ord, M.G., Stocken, L.A. (ed.): Foundations of Modern Biochemistry

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):562 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006867025039

Effect of cytokinins on the photosynthetic apparatus in water-stressed and rehydrated bean plants

A. Metwally, T. Tsonev, Y. Zeinalov

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):563-567 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006821730974

Effects of the cytokinins 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and N-2-chloro-4-pyridyl-N'-phenylurea (4-PU-30) on the photochemical activity, oxygen flash yields, and thermoluminescence in bean plants under a water stress were studied. The cytokinins increased the photochemical (Hill reaction) activity and thermoluminescence "B"-band in control as well as in stressed and rehydrated plants, while the oxygen flash yields were affected only in the stressed and rehydrated plants.

Gehr, P., Kost, C., Stephan, G. (ed.): CO2 - Eine Herausforderung für die Menschheit

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):568 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006810907293

Chloroplast biogenesis 76. Regulation of 4-vinyl reduction during conversion of divinyl Mg-protoporphyrin IX to monovinyl protochlorophyllide a is controlled by plastid membrane and stromal factors

J.S. Kim, V. Kolossov, C.A. Rebeiz

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):569-581 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006873815045

Most of the chlorophyll (Chl) a of green plants is formed via two biosynthetic routes, namely the carboxylic divinyl and monovinyl chlorophyll biosynthetic routes. These two routes are linked by (4-vinyl) reductases that convert divinyl tetrapyrroles to monovinyl tetrapyrroles by reduction of the vinyl group at position four of the macrocycle to ethyl. The activities of these two routes are very sensitive to cell disruption. For example in barley leaves, cell disruption, a mandatory step during plastid isolation, results in partial inactivation of the carboxylic divinyl route. Investigations with subplastidic fractions revealed that the...

Analysis of the gas exchange components in chilled tomato plants

D. Chołuj, H.M. Kalaji, B. Niemyska

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):583-589 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006825915953

A positive linear relationship between the net CO₂ exchange rate (P _N) and the leaf stomatal conductance (g_s) under an optimal temperature, and even more distinct one after a short-term chilling (CH, 15-17 h, 2 °C in darkness), that was found in two tomato cultivars (sensitive to a low temperature cv. Robin and tolerant cv. New Yorker) suggested a partial stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. The CH treatment of cv. Robin resulted in an intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) increase because of which a negative correlation between C _i and P _N was...

Influence of saccharides and glycine betaine on freezing of photosystem 2-enriched particles: a chlorophyll fluorescence study

M. Busheva, E. Apostolova

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):591-594 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006830000024

Freeze-thaw treatment of photosystem 2 (PS2) enriched subchloroplast membranes induced changes in the relative proportion and antenna sizes of PS2α and PS2β. The addition of disaccharides (trehalose or saccharose) and glycine betaine before subjecting to freezing prevented these changes.

Effect of nitrogen on carbonic anhydrase activity, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and yield of mustard

F. Mohammad, T. Khan, R.M. Afridi, A. Fatma

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):595-598 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006882016862

Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cv. Rohini was grown under three levels of urea nitrogen fertilization [0, 2, and 4 g(N) pot^-1]. Carbonic anhydrase activity and net photosynthetic rate in leaves of 50 d-old plants as well as yield attributes at harvest increased with increasing levels of nitrogen. Stomatal conductance was not affected, and oil content decreased.

Hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, and maximal photosynthetic rate in bean leaves

A. Sôber

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):599-603 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006834119588

A positive correlation was found between steady state values of hydraulic (L _pA) and stomatal conductance (g _s) of French bean leaves: both were lower in the dark than in the light and lower in water-deficient plants than in the well-watered ones. The relative rate of stomatal opening after a pressure rise in the xylem was also positively related to L _pA. The L _pA and g _s were both related to the maximal photosynthetic rate at saturating CO2 concentrations.

Triadimefon enhances growth and net photosynthetic rate in NaCl stressed plants of Raphanus sativus L.

R. Panneerselvam, M. Muthukumarasamy, L. Karikalan

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):605-609 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006846403658

The effect of sodium chloride and triadimefon (TDM) on the chlorophyll (Chl) content, net photosynthetic rates (P_N), rate of transpiration (E), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) in Raphanus sativus was studied. The effect of NaCl salinity was partially ameliorated by TDM which caused increase in Chl content, P_N, and C_i. TDM also increased root dry matter production, decreased E, and increased the water use efficiency.

Bibliography of reviews and methods of photosynthesis - 79

Z. Šesták, J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 1996, 34(4):611-640 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006898420496