Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research 2008, 9 (2): 1-9

Where Inequalities Intersect: Gender, Class and Race/Ethnicity

Marta Kolářová

This article focuses on the intersection of gender, class and racial/ethnic inequalities. The intersection theory draws on the feminist critique of traditional class theory and on the challenge to feminism posed by ethnic women. The article develops thinking about various configurations of the intersection of inequalities and addresses mainly the case of marginalized women. However, the argument goes that the intersection of gender, class and racial/ethnic inequalities is not just a matter for disadvantaged groups because it has an impact on all groups in various relations. Class, gender and race/ethnicity should be understood as interlocked systems of both disadvantage and privilege. The intersection of inequalities is an approach intertwined with the development of social movements (women's, labour and civil rights movements) in the USA and Western Europe. The article looks at why the intersection theory elaborated in the West mainly in the 1990s has not been reflected in Czech gender studies. Is it possible to connect the study of gender in a post-communist East European country with the predominantly American intersection theory?

Keywords: intersection, inequalities, gender, class, race, ethnicity

Published: June 1, 2008Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kolářová, Marta. 2008. "Where Inequalities Intersect: Gender, Class and Race/Ethnicity." Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research 9(2):1-9.
Download citation

References

  1. Aapola, S., Gonick, M., Hartus, A. 2004. Young Feminini ty: Girlhood, Power and Social Change. New York: Palgra ve, Macmillan.
  2. Andersen, M. L., Collins, P. H. 1995. Race, Class, and Gender: An Anthology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  3. Andersen, M. L. 2001. "Restructuring for Whom? Race, Class, Gender, and the Ideology of Invisibility", Sociologi cal Forum, (2): 181-201.
  4. Anderson, C. D. 1996. "Understanding the Inequality Pro blematic: From Scholarly Rhetoric to Theoretical Recon struction." Gender & Society, 10 (6): 729-746. Go to original source...
  5. Berg, A. 2008. "Categories and Hard Work - Whiteness, Ra cialisation and Feminist Memory Work". NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research (forthcoming.)
  6. Bottero W., Irwin, S. 2003. "Locating Difference: Class, 'Race' and Gender, and the Shaping of Social Inequali ties". The Sociological Review, 51 (4): 463-483. Go to original source...
  7. Brenner, J. 2000. "Conclusion - Intersections, Locations, and Capitalist Class Relations". Pp. 293-324 in Bren ner, J. Women and the Politics of Class. New York: Month ly Review Press.
  8. Brewer, R. M., Conrad, C. A., King, M. C. 2002. "The Com plexities and Potential of Theorizing Gender, Caste, Race, and Class." Feminist Economics, 8 (2): 3-18. Go to original source...
  9. Browne, I., Misra, J. 2003. "The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market" Annual Review of Sociology, 29: 487-513. Go to original source...
  10. Bryson, V. 1999. "Gender, Race and Class." Pp. 45-71 in Brusin, V. Feminist Debates Issues of Theory and Political Practice. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  11. Busheikin, L. 1997. "Is Sisterhood Really Global? Western Feminism in Europe". Pp. 12-20 in Renne, T. (ed.). Anna's Land. Sisterhood in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Westview Press.
  12. Connell, R. W. 1995. "The History of Masculinity," Pp. 245-261 in Masculinities. Berkeley: University of Ca lifornia Press.
  13. Čermáková, M. 1995. "Gender, společnost, pracovní trh". Sociologický časopis, 31 (1): 7-24.
  14. Čermáková, M., Havelková, H. 2001. National Report on the Situation of Women and Science in the Czech Republic. Pra ha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR.
  15. Ferree, M., M., Hall, E. J. 1996. "Rethingking Stratificati on from a Feminist Perspective: Gender, Race, and Class in Mainstream Textbooks". American Sociological Review, 61: 929-950. Go to original source...
  16. Frankenberg, R. 1993. White Women, Race Matters. The So cial Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis and London: Routledge. Go to original source...
  17. Fraser, N. 2007. "Multikulturalismus, antiesencialismus a radikální demokracie: Genealogie současné slepé uličky feministické teorie" in Fraser, N. Rozvíjení radikální ima ginace: Globální přerozdělování, uznání a reprezentace. Praha: Filosofia.
  18. Funk, N. 1993. "Introduction: Women and PostCommu nism". Pp. 1-14 in Funk, N., Mueller, M. (eds.). Gender Po litics and PostCommunism. New York: Routledge.
  19. Griffin, C. 2001. "The Young Women are Having a Great Time: Representations of Young Women and Feminism". Feminism and Psychology, 11 (2): 182-186. Go to original source...
  20. Grusky, D. B., Szelényi, S. 2006. Inequality: Classic Readings in Race, Class, and Gender. Boulder: Westview Press.
  21. Grygar, J., Čaněk, M., Černík, J. 2006. Vliv kvalifikace na uplatnění a mobilitu na českém trhu a práce u migrantů ze třetích zemí. Praha: Multikulturní centrum Praha.
  22. Gulová, L., Němec, J., Štěpařová, E. 2006. "Buďte rádi, že máte chytré ženy, aneb romská žena v zrcadle vyprávě ní" in Hašková, H., Křížková, A., Linková, M. (eds.). Mnohohlasem: Vyjednávání ženských prostorů po roce 1989. Praha: Sociologický ústav.
  23. Havelková, H. 1998. "Women in and after a 'Classless' So ciety". Pp. 69-82 in Zmroczek, C., Mahony, P. (eds.). Wo men and Social Class - International Feminist Perspectives. London: Taylor and Francis/UCL.
  24. Heitlinger, A. 1993. "The Impact of the Transition from Communism on the Status of Women in the Czech and Slovak Republics". Pp. 95-108 in Funk, N., Mueller, M. (eds.). Gender Politics and PostCommunism. New York: Routledge. Go to original source...
  25. Chancer, L. S., Watkins, B. X. 2006. Gender, Race, and Class: An Overview. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  26. Jelínková, M. 2006. "Severokorejky v Česku: pracují, nemluví a neutíkají". Migraceonline.cz. Dostupné na: http://www.migraceonline.cz/eknihovna/?x=1955122. (Naposledy navštíveno: 25. 10. 2008).
  27. Jowett, M. 2004. ""I Don't See Feminists as You See Feminists": Young Women Negotiating Feminism in Contemporary Britain". in Harris, A. (ed.). All About the Girl. London, New York: Routledge.
  28. Katrňák, T. 2005. Třídní analýza a sociální mobilita. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury.
  29. Katrňák, T., Rabušic L. 2002. "Anomie a vztah k minoritám v České společnosti". Pp. 95-107 in Syrovátka, T. (ed.). Menšiny a marginalizované skupiny v České republice. Brno: Masarykova univerzita a Nakladatelství Georgetown.
  30. Ken, I. 2007. "RaceClassGender Theory: An Image(ry) Problem". Gender Issues, 24: 1-20. Go to original source...
  31. Kendall, D. 1997. Race, Class, and Gender in a Diverse Society. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  32. Kimmel, M. 2007. "A Black Woman Took My Job". Pp. 103-106 in Arrighi, B. A. Understanding Inequality: The In tersection of Race/ethnicity, Class, and Gender. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
  33. Kleinová, N. 2005. Bez loga. Praha: Argo.
  34. Klvačová, P. 2007. "'Když sem jdeš, tak to musíš vydržet': Vyrovnávání se s nerovností ve výpovědích cizinek žijí cích v České republice". Pp. 56-71 in Šanderová, J. (ed.). Sociální nerovnosti v kvalitativním výzkumu. Praha: ISS FSV UK.
  35. KnotkováČapková, B. 2007. "Marginalizace, reprezentace a identita podrobených v kontextu současné indické spo lečnosti". Gender rovné příležitosti, výzkum, 8 (1): 16-25.
  36. KnotkováČapková, B. 2008. "Multikulturalismus a feminismus". Dostupné na: http://www.padesatprocent.cz/?c_id=248. (Naposledy navštíveno: online 9. 9. 2008).
  37. Kodíčková, T. 2002. "Co je nám do třetího světa aneb zpráva o analýze českých akademických genderových textů". Sociální studia, 7: 69-87.
  38. Kolářová, M. 2006a. "Gender and Globalisation: Labour Changes in the Global Economy". Czech Sociological Re view, 42 (6): 1241-1257. Go to original source...
  39. Kolářová, M. 2006b. "The Activist Stream within the Feminist Movement in the Czech Republic at the Beginning of 21st Centrury" in Saurer, E., Lanzinger, M., Frysak, E., L'Homme (eds.). Women's Movement: Networks and Debates in Postcommunist countries in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Köln, Wien: Böhlau Verlag.
  40. Kolářová, M. 2008. "Co evokuje pojem třída?" Socioweb, 6/2008: 9-11.
  41. Křížková, A. 2002. Životní strategie manažerek: Případová studie. Sociologické texty, 02:8. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR.
  42. Louie, M. C. Y. 2001. Sweatshop Warriors: Immigrant Women Workers Take on the Global Factory. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
  43. Machonin, P., Tuček, M. (eds.). 1996. Česká společnost v trans formaci. K proměnám sociální struktury. Praha: SLON.
  44. Newman, D. M. 2007. Identities and Inequalities: Exploring the Intersections of Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality. New York: McGraw Hill.
  45. Nussbaum, M. C. 2000. Women and Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  46. Okin, S. M., Cohen, J., Howard, M., Nussbaum, M. C. (eds.). 1999. Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  47. Payne, G. 2000. "Social Divisions and Social Cohesion" in Payne, G. (ed.). Social Divisions. New York: Palgrave.
  48. Phillips, A. 2007. Multiculturalism without Culture. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
  49. Rai, S. M. 2002. Gender and the Political Economy of Development. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  50. Rose, S. O. 1997. "Class Formation and the Quintessential Worker". Pp. 133-155 in Hall, J. (ed.). Reworking Class. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Go to original source...
  51. Rowbotham, S., Linkogle, S. 2001. Women Resist Globalization. Mobilizing for Livelihood and Rights. New York: Zed Books.
  52. Sacks, K. B. 1989. "Toward a Unified Theory of Class, Race and Gender". American Anthropologist, 16 (3): 534-550. Go to original source...
  53. Sassen, S. 2002. "Global Cities and Survival Circuits." Pp. 254-274 in Ehreinreich, B., Hochschild, A. (eds.). Global Woman. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  54. Schwalbe, M. 2000. "Charting Futures for Sociology: Inequality Mechanisms, Intersections, and Global Change: The Elements of Inequality". Contemporary Sociology, 29 (6): 775-781. Go to original source...
  55. Sokolová, V. 2006. "Koncepční pohled na "sexuální menšiny" aneb vše je jen otázka správné orientace…" in Hašková, H., Křížková, A., Linková, M. (eds.). Mnohohlasem. Praha: Sociologický ústav.
  56. Spencerová, T. 2006. "Pohlavněidentitní ilegalita: (ne)spolupráce transgenderové komunity s ženskými organiza cemi". in Hašková, H., Křížková, A., Linková, M. (eds.). Mnohohlasem. Praha: Sociologický ústav.
  57. Szczepaniková, A. 2006. "Studium mezinárodní migrace - co nabízí gender perspektiva?" Socioweb, 11/2006: 2-3.
  58. Šanderová, J. 1998. "Co určuje postavení žen v stratifikačním systému?" Tuček, M. a kol. Česká rodina v transforma ci - Stratifikace, dělba rolí a hodnotové orientace. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR.
  59. Šanderová, J. 2007. "Teoretický rámec a první krok k zobecnění (Společný jmenovatel zkoumaných nerovností)". Pp. 11-24 in Šanderová, J. (ed.). Sociální nerovnosti v kvalitativním výzkumu. Praha: ISS FSV UK.
  60. Šanderová, J. 2008. "Hlavní proudy teorie a výzkumu sociální stratifikace". Pp. 277-308 in Šubrt, J. a kol. Soudo bá sociologie II: Teorie sociálního jednání a struktury. Praha: Karolinum.
  61. Šiklová, J. 1995. "Inhibition Factors of Feminism in the Czech Republic after the 1989 Revolution." Pp. 33-43 in Čermáková, M. (ed.). Women, Work and Society. Prague: Institute of Sociology.
  62. Šiklová, J. 1997. "McDonald's, Terminators, Coca Cola Ads - and Feminism? Imports from the West". Pp. 76-81 in Renne, T. (ed.). Anna's Land. Sisterhood in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Westview Press.
  63. True, J. 2003. Gender, Globalization, and Postsocialism: The Czech Republic after Communism. New York: Columbia University Press. Go to original source...
  64. Tuček, M. a kol. 2003. Dynamika české společnosti a osudy lidí na přelomu tisíciletí. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství.
  65. Víznerová, H. 2007. Rodičovství v životě migrujících žen. Zpráva z projektu "Souvislosti proměn pracovního trhu a forem soukromého, rodinného a partnerského života v české společnosti". Dostupné na: http://www.soc.cas.cz/promeny/download/584/Rodicovstvi_migrace.pdf. (Naposledy navštíveno: 25. 10. 2008).
  66. Weber, L. 1998. "A Conceptual Framework for Understan ding Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality." Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22: 13-32. Go to original source...
  67. West, C., Fenstermaker, S. 1995. "Doing Difference". Gen der Society, 9 (1): 8-37. Go to original source...
  68. Wichterich, C. 2000. Globalizovaná žena. Praha: proFem.
  69. Winter, B. 2006. "Religion, Culture and Women's Human Rights: Some General Political and Theoretical Considerations". Women's Studies International Forum, 29: 381-393. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.