The role of dehydrins in plant response to cold

K. Kosová, P. Vítámvás, I. T. Prášil

Biologia plantarum 51:601-617, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0133-6

Dehydrins present a distinct biochemical group of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins characterised by the presence of a lysine-rich amino acid motif, the K-segment. They are highly hydrophilic, soluble upon boiling, and rich in glycine and polar amino acids. It is proposed that they can act as emulsifiers or chaperones in the cells, i.e., they protect proteins and membranes against unfavourable structural changes caused by dehydration. Cold usually precedes freezing in nature and induces many physiological and biochemical changes in the cells of freezing-tolerant plant species (cold-acclimation) that enable them to survive unfavourable...

Metal hyperaccumulation and bioremediation

K. Shah, J. M. Nongkynrih

Biologia plantarum 51:618-634, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0134-5

The phytoremediation is an environment friendly, green technology that is cost effective and energetically inexpensive. Metal hyperaccumulator plants are used to remove metal from terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems. The technique makes use of the intrinsic capacity of plants to accumulate metal and transport them to shoots, ability to form phytochelatins in roots and sequester the metal ions. Harbouring the genes that are considered as signatures for the tolerance and hyperaccumulation from identified hyperaccumulator plant species into the transgenic plants provide a platform to develop the technology with the help of genetic engineering. This...

Direct somatic embryogenesis from leaves, cotyledons and hypocotyls of Hippophae rhamnoides

C. Q. Liu, X. L. Xia, W. L. Yin, J. H. Zhou, H. R. Tang

Biologia plantarum 51:635-640, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0135-4

Plant regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis from cotyledons, hypocotyls and leaves in seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) was achieved. The influences of basal media, carbon sources, plant growth regulators (PGRs) with different concentrations and combinations on embryogenesis capacity of explants were studied. The highest frequency of somatic embryos production and germination was obtained on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium (SH) supplemented with 1.0 mg dm^-3 kinetin and 0.2, 0.5 mg dm^-3 indole-3-acetic acid. Granulated sugar was the optimal carbon source. The embryo-derived plantlets with well-developed...

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Catharanthus roseus

A. Junaid, A. Mujib, M. A. Bhat, M. P. Sharma, J. Šamaj

Biologia plantarum 51:641-646, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0136-3

Embryogenic callus in Catharanthus roseus was initiated from hypocotyl on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0-2.0 mg dm^-3 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA). Calli from other sources were non-embryogenic. Numerous somatic embryos were induced from primary callus on MS medium suplemented with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) within two weeks of culture. Embryo proliferation was much faster on medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). After transfer to medium with gibberellic acid (GA₃, 1.0 mg dm^{- 3}) mature green embryos were developed and germinated...

Paclitaxel and baccatin III production induced by methyl jasmonate in free and immobilized cells of Taxus baccata

M. Bonfill, S. Bentebibel, E. Moyano, J. Palazón, R. M. Cusidó, R. Eibl, M. T. Piñol

Biologia plantarum 51:647-652, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0137-2

The effects of 100 and 200 µM methyl jasmonate (MJA) on cell proliferation and paclitaxel and baccatin III production were investigated in free and alginate immobilized cells of Taxus baccata growing in a selected product formation culture medium. The greatest accumulation of paclitaxel (13.20 mg dm^-3) and baccatin III (4.62 mg dm^-3) occurred when 100 µM MJA was added to the culture medium of cells entrapped using a 1.5 and 2.5 % alginate solution. The effects of different treatments on the viability of cultured cells and their capacity to excrete both taxanes into the surrounding medium were considered.

Plantlet regeneration from fascicular buds of seedling shoot apices of Pinus roxburghii Sarg

R. K. Kalia, S. Arya, S. Kalia, I. D. Arya

Biologia plantarum 51:653-659, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0138-1

Shoot apices of Pinus roxburghii Sarg were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with cytokinins [6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin and N-benzyl-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl) adenine (BPA)] alone and in combination with auxin, α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Of the three cytokinins tested at varying concentrations, medium supplemented with 10 µM BA was found optimal in respect of explant responsiveness (97.22 %) and average number of buds induced per explant (7.42). The concentration of cytokinins in the induction medium had a profound effect on rate of elongation of induced buds on MS basal medium containing 0.5 % activated...

Genetic diversity and relationships in some Vicia species as determined by SDS-PAGE of seed proteins

N. Mirali, S. El-Khouri, F. Rizq

Biologia plantarum 51:660-666, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0139-0

To evaluate the genetic diversity of some Vicia species, seed proteins of 160 accessions (30 of Vicia faba, 15 of V. narbonensis, 82 of V. sativa and 25 of V. ervilia and 8 accessions of other Vicia species) were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The dendrogram showed that the two outcrossing species V. faba and V. villosa were the most distant among all species (average percent disagreement value PDV 0.47 and 0.45, respectively). The tree was divided into small clusters of two species each. V. narbonensis fell in one cluster with V. michausai...

Phylogenetic relationships among the bamboo species as revealed by morphological characters and polymorphism analyses

M. Das, S. Bhattacharya, J. Basak, A. Pal

Biologia plantarum 51:667-672, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0140-7

Phylogenetic relationships among 15 bamboo species were evaluated using 32 key morphological descriptors and 120 polymorphic loci of the genomic DNA generated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The dendrogram generated for these two parameters based on similarity matrix computed from allelic polymorphism data using unweighted pair group method of analysis. Phylogenetic relationships as revealed from the dendrogram and principal component analysis was in concurrence with the reliable, widely referred system of bamboo classification, while, the cluster pattern generated from the similarity matrix derived from key morphological...

Functional expression and purification of cytokinin dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCKX2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

J. Frébortová, P. Galuszka, T. Werner, T. Schmülling, I. Frébort

Biologia plantarum 51:673-682, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0141-6

Cytokinin dehydrogenase (CKX) is responsible for regulating the endogenous cytokinin content by oxidative removal of the side chain and seven distinct genes, AtCKX1 to AtCKX7, code for the enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana. The recombinant enzyme AtCKX2 was produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae after expressing the corresponding gene from a plasmid (pDR197) or following chromosomal integration, under either the constitutive promoter PMA1 or the inducible promoter GAL1. The recombinant protein was purified from yeast culture media using a sequence of chromatographic steps. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass...

Ethylene is a modulator of gibberellic acid-induced antheridiogenesis in Anemia phyllitidis gametophytes

A. Kaźmierczak

Biologia plantarum 51:683-689, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0143-4

In fern (Anemia phyllitidis) gametophytes cellulose in the walls of the antheridial zone cells which was organized in clusters and spots was transformed via dispersed form to fibrillar arrangement (layered in oblique and perpendicular array in relation to the transverse direction of cell expansion) during antheridiogenesis induced by gibberellic acid (GA₃) and/or enhanced by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). In the ACC-treated gametophytes, where antheridia were not induced, the cellulose was arranged in the same manner. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), which inhibits antheridiogenesis and development of fern gametophytes,...

Ultrastructural alterations in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of two maize cultivars in response to chilling at high irradiance

A. S. Saropulos, D. S. H. Drennan

Biologia plantarum 51:690-698, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0144-3

Maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings of two cultivars (cv. Bastion adapted to W. Europe, and cv. Batan 8686 adapted to the highlands of Mexico), raised in a glasshouse (19-25 °C), were transferred to 4.5 or 9 °C at photon flux density (PPFD) of 950 µmol m^-2 s^-1 with 10-h photoperiod for 58 h and then allowed to recover at 22 °C for 16 h (14 h dark and 2 h at PPFD of 180 µmol m^-2 s^-1). The ultrastructural responses after 4 h or 26 h at 4.5 °C were the disappearance of starch grains in the bundle sheath chloroplasts and the contraction of intrathylakoid spaces in stromal thylakoids of the mesophyll...

UV-B response of green and etiolated barley seedlings

I. Fedina, M. Velitchkova, K. Georgieva, K. Demirevska, L. Simova

Biologia plantarum 51:699-706, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0145-2

7-d-old etiolated and green barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alfa) were irradiated with UV-B for 30 min and then kept for 24 h in light or darkness. Chlorophyll (Chl) synthesis was inhibited by about 30 % as a result of UV-B irradiation, but there were no significant changes in photochemical activity measured by variable to maximum fluorescence ratio (F_v/F_m), quantum yield (Φ_PS2) and oxygen evolution rate. Electron transport of etiolated seedlings was similar to that of green ones, nevertheless, the Chl content was more then 2-fold lower. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large and small...

Moderate water stress affects tomato leaf water relations in dependence on the nitrogen supply

A. L. García, L. Marcelis, F. Garcia-Sanchez, N. Nicolas, V. Martínez

Biologia plantarum 51:707-712, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0146-1

The responses of water relations, stomatal conductance (g_s) and growth parameters of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Royesta) plants to nitrogen fertilisation and drought were studied. The plants were subjected to a long-term, moderate and progressive water stress by adding 80 % of the water evapotranspirated by the plant the preceding day. Well-watered plants received 100 % of the water evapotranspirated. Two weeks before starting the drought period, the plants were fertilised with Hoagland's solution with 14, 60 and 110 mM NO₃ ^- (N14, N60 and N110, respectively). Plants of the N110 treatment had the...

Effect of cadmium on growth, proton extrusion and membrane potential in maize coleoptile segments

W. Karcz, R. Kurtyka

Biologia plantarum 51:713-719, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0147-0

Cd accumulation, its effects on elongation growth of maize coleoptile segments, pH changes of their incubation medium and the membrane potential of parenchymal cells were studied. The Cd content increased significantly with exposure to increasing cadmium concentrations. Coleoptile segments accumulated the metal more efficiently in the range 10-100 µM Cd, than in the range 100-1000 µM Cd. Cd at concentrations higher than 1.0 µM produced a significant inhibition of both growth and proton extrusion. 100 µM Cd caused depolarization of the plasma membrane (PM) potential in parenchymal cells. The simultaneous treatment of maize coleoptile...

High efficiency of stable genetic transformation in Dendrobium via microprojectile bombardment

C. Suwanaketchanatit, J. Piluek, S. Peyachoknagul, P. S. Huehne

Biologia plantarum 51:720-727, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0148-z

Several parameters affecting transient β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression in protocorms of Dendrobium cv. Jaquelyn Thomas were examined using bombardment technique with pActin-1D plasmid. The GUS activity in Dendrobium protocorm was not significantly affected by size of the target, type of particles, and helium gas pressure. However, the numbers of surviving tissues after bombardment were different. Transgenic orchids were established by bombardment of actively dividing protocorms with gold particles coated with pMNK1005 plasmid containing hygromycin phosphotransferase (hgh) and green fluorescent protein (gfp) genes driven...

In vitro selection of salt tolerant cell lines in Solanum tuberosum L.

F. Queirós, F. Fidalgo, I. Santos, R. Salema

Biologia plantarum 51:728-734, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0149-y

Cell lines able to grow on media containing 50, 100, 150 or 200 mM NaCl were established from potato callus cultures by direct recurrent selection or gradual selection. In callus subjected to direct selection only small clusters of cells survived on medium with 150 or 200 mM NaCl, whereas on 100 mM small cell portions appear necrotic. When cell lines were obtained by successive subcultures on media with increased concentrations of NaCl, salt-tolerant calli were more compact and developed a greenish colour free from necrotic areas. The response of calli lines grown on media with NaCl was compared to control line. The NaCl-tolerant calli showed a decrease...

Daily variations in water relations of apricot trees under different irrigation regimes

M. C. Ruiz-Sánchez, R. Domingo, A. Pérez-Pastor

Biologia plantarum 51:735-740, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0150-5

Mature apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. cv. Búlida) trees, growing under field conditions, were submitted to two drip irrigation treatments: a control (T1), irrigated to 100 % of seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and a continuous deficit (T2), irrigated to 50 % of the control throughout the year. The behaviour of leaf water potential and its components, leaf conductance and net photosynthesis were studied at three different times during the growing season, when they revealed a diurnal and seasonal pattern in response to water stress, evaporative demand of the atmosphere and leaf age. The deficit-irrigated trees showed, among other effects,...

Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of three Mediterranean shrubs in a summer-autumn period in central Portugal

J. Marques da Silva

Biologia plantarum 51:741-745, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0151-4

The photosynthetic performance of Cistus crispus, Centaurea africana and Thymus villosus, three shrubs of the Mediterranean-type maquis vegetation of Central Portugal, were studied between July and December 2003 by means of in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. In C. africana total leaf decay occurred between August and October, in T. villosus no clear pattern of variation of the basal fluorescence (F_o) was observed, and in C. crispus an increase of this parameter was observed in late autumn. In all species, the limitation to photosynthesis by photoinhibition and the contribution...

Transgenic tobacco plants containing Bt and GNA genes

H. Y. Zhang, X. Z. Liu, L. Wei, L. Y. Zhou, Y. M. Yang

Biologia plantarum 51:746-748, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0152-3

A new plant expression vector (pBSbtCry1Ac-GNA) containing two insect resistant genes, a synthetic chimeric gene SbtCry1Ac encoding the insecticidal protein CrylAc and a gene GNA encoding snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) was constructed. Transgenic tobacco plants containing these two genes were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco leaf discs. Results from PCR detection and genomic DNA Southern blot analysis indicated that both SbtCrylAc gene and GNA gene were integrated into the genome of these plants. Results of Western blot analysis indicated that these two proteins...

Proliferation and differentiation from endosperms of Carthamus tinctorius

N. Walia, A. Kaur, S. B. Babbar

Biologia plantarum 51:749-753, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0153-2

The endosperms of Carthamus tinctorius cv. HUS-305, excised at globular to heart-shaped stages of zygotic embryo development, were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin, thidiazuron (TDZ), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or α-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA). The highest incidence of callusing was on 2,4-D supplemented media. However, embryos differentiated only from the calli developed on media supplemented with BAP, kinetin or TDZ with the last eliciting maximum embryogenic response. The addition of a reduced nitrogen source, casein hydrolysate...

Antioxidant defense system in Phragmites communis Trin. ecotypes

K.-M. Chen, H.-J. Gong, S.-M. Wang, C.-L. Zhang

Biologia plantarum 51:754-758, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0154-1

The antioxidant defense system in three ecotypes of reed (Phragmites communis Trin.), swamp reed (SR), dune reed (DR), and heavy salt meadow reed (HSMR), from northwest China were investigated. The HSMR possessed the highest ratio of ascorbate (ASC)/dehydroascorbate (DHA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase among the three reed ecotypes, whereas, the DR exhibited the highest ratio of glutathione/glutathione disulfide and activities of ASC peroxidase (APX) and DHA reductase. Malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents were highest in HSMR, intermediate in SR, and lowest in DR. In addition, different isoenzymes of glutathion...

Plasma membrane ultrastructure in embryogenic cultures of orchardgrass during NaCl stress

S. Dutta Gupta

Biologia plantarum 51:759-763, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0155-0

Embryogenic cultures of Dactylis glomerata L. were subjected to NaCl stress by culturing for 4 passages in Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium containing 30 µM dicamba and 200 mM NaCl. Ultrastructural studies indicated invaginations and disruptions of the plasma membrane. Membrane-bound vesicles were observed in the cytoplasm of NaCl treated cells and their occurrence were increased with the culture age.

Analysis of genetic diversity among Swertia chirayita genotypes

P. Joshi, V. Dhawan

Biologia plantarum 51:764-768, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0156-z

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to analyse genetic diversity of Swertia chirayita genotypes collected from the temperate Himalayas of India. Allied species of Swertia chirayita were used in the study as outliers. Nineteen UBC primers generated a total of 315 ISSR bands, revealing 98.7 % polymorphism among the genotypes assayed. This was reduced to 42.5 % when the outliers were excluded. The results revealed a high genetic diversity within the genotypes.

In vitro propagation of Ophiorrhiza prostrata through somatic embryogenesis

K. P. Martin, A. Shahanaz Beegum, C.-L. Zhang, A. Slater, P. V. Madhusoodanan

Biologia plantarum 51:769-772, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0157-y

In vitro propagation of an anticancerous drug synthesizing plant, Ophiorrhiza prostrata D. Don, was established through indirect somatic embryogenesis. Friable embryogenic calluses were initiated from O. prostrata leaf and internode explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) either alone or in combination with N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin (KIN). Somatic embryos were developed after subculture of the friable calluses onto half strength MS media containing 0.45 or 2.26 µM 2,4-D alone or in combination with BA or KIN. Medium supplemented with 2.26 µM...

The effect of sugars on niger embryogenesis and plant regeneration in anther culture

B. P. Hema, H. N. Murthy

Biologia plantarum 51:773-776, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0158-x

The influence of different sugars (sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose, 0.05-0.5 M) on embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cultured anthers of niger [Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.] have been studied. Among the different sugars tested, 0.2 M sucrose was the best for embryo induction and plant regeneration. Maximum of 57 embryos per 60 anthers were induced on embryo induction medium [Gamborg's B5 medium supplemented with 10 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2 µM kinetin (KIN)] containing 0.2 M sucrose. Embryo differentiation was achieved on B5 medium supplemented with 0.5 µM benzyladenine (BA) and 0.09 M...

Pepper seed germination assessed by combined X-radiography and computer-aided imaging analysis

A. Dell'Aquila

Biologia plantarum 51:777-781, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0159-9

A lot of pepper seeds having 87 % germination were subjected to X-ray inspection using a non lethal dose of radiation. Seeds with less than 2.7 % (on the basis of total seed area) of free space area, i.e. the spaces between embryo and endosperm, were classified as highly viable seeds (97-100 % germination) with the lowest level of abnormal seedlings. Seeds X-ray classified as good were subjected to a computerised image analysis to study seed imbibition and radicle elongation. The patterns of seed area increase, chosen as the most accurate indicator of seed swelling, resembled the triphasic curve of water uptake. The first phase was completed...

In vitro bud regeneration of Carthamus tinctorius and wild Carthamus species from leaf explants and axillary buds

M. Sujatha, V. Dinesh Kumar

Biologia plantarum 51:782-786, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0160-3

The organogenic competence of leaf explants of eleven Carthamus species including C. tinctorius on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) + α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) + NAA was investigated. Highly prolific adventitious shoot regeneration was observed in C. tinctorius and C. arborescens on both growth regulator combinations and the shoot regeneration frequency was higher on medium supplemented with TDZ + NAA. Nodal culture of nine Carthamus species on media supplemented with BA and kinetin (KIN) individually revealed the superiority...

Rapid micropropagation of Ocimum basilicum using shoot tip explants pre-cultured in thidiazuron supplemented liquid medium

I. Siddique, M. Anis

Biologia plantarum 51:787-790, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0161-2

An efficient protocol has been developed for rapid micropropagation of Ocimum basilicum. Multiple shoots were induced by culturing shoot tip explants excised from mature plants on a liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5-100 µM of thidiazuron (TDZ) for different treatment duration (4, 8, 12 and 16 d). The optimal level of TDZ supplementation to the culture medium was 50 µM for 8 d induction period followed by subculturing in MS medium devoid of TDZ as it produced maximum regeneration frequency (78 %), mean number of shoots (11.6 ± 1.16) and shoot length (4.8 ± 0.43 cm) per explant. A culture period...

Root morphology and cadmium uptake kinetics of the cadmium-sensitive rice mutant

J. Y. He, C. Zhu, Y. F. Ren, D. A. Jiang, Z. X. Sun

Biologia plantarum 51:791-794, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0162-1

To understand the physiological mechanism that confers Cd sensitivity, root morphology and Cd uptake kinetics of the Cd-sensitive mutant and wild type rice were investigated. The root length, root surface area, and root number of mutant rice decreased more significantly with increasing Cd concentration in growth media compared with the wild type rice. The uptake kinetics for ¹⁰⁹Cd²⁺ in roots of both the mutant and wild type rice were characterized by a rapid linear phase during the first 6 h and a slower linear phase during the subsequent period. Concentration-dependent Cd²⁺ influx in both species could be characterized...

In vitro minimum growth for conservation of Drosophyllum lusitanicum

S. Gonçalves, A. Romano

Biologia plantarum 51:795-798, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0163-0

The present paper reports a protocol for minimum growth conservation of Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link. in vitro. Double-node cuttings were maintained for 4, 8 and 12 months at 5 or 25 °C in the dark. The effects of sucrose either alone at 5, 20, 30, 40 and 60 g dm^-3 or at 20, 40 and 60 g dm^-3 in combination with 20 g dm^-3 mannitol, on survival and post-storage shoot multiplication efficiency were investigated. The cultures could effectively be conserved under minimum growth at 5 °C for 8 months on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 60 g dm^-3 sucrose, 20 g dm^-3 mannitol...

Are red leaves photosynthetically active?

F. Pomar, A. Ros Barceló

Biologia plantarum 51:799-800, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0164-z

At irradiances close to those representing a sunny day, red and green leaves of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) showed only minor differences in their photosynthetic capacities despite the strong differences in their pigment composition. However, contrarily to green leaves, red leaves did not show inhibition of photosynthesis at high irradiances, because anthocyanins protected chloroplasts from photoinhibition.

Trigiano, R.N., Gray, D.J. (ed.): Plant Development and Biotechnology

R. Podlipná

Biologia plantarum 51:682, 2007 | DOI: 10.1007/s10535-007-0142-5