Numerical simulations with the horizontal grid spacing decreasing from the turbulent gray zone to large-eddy scale are performed

Storm-scale and fine-scale structures can be well simulated when the horizontal resolution is about or less than 100 m

No significant differences in storm-scale, fine-scale structures are found when the horizontal grid spacing decreases from 111 to 37 m

Modified Budyko equation for quantifying glacier melt contribution to runoff in the Yarlung-Zangpo River (YR) basin

Changed precipitation-runoff relations by the acceleration of glacier melt and permafrost thaw under climate warming in the YR basin

Reduced climate warming effect on increasing runoff by the increase of vegetation coverage in the YR basin

Flights over northeast Pacific atmospheric rivers provide dense airborne radio occultation and dropsonde data for assimilation in models

The first Galileo RO profiles are compared with nearby Global Positioning System (GPS) profiles to assess accuracy in the troposphere

The model refractivity anomaly distinguishes key characteristics of the atmospheric river including the low-level jet and tropopause fold

Precipitation and SPEI indicate wetter trends in Mt. Qilian but drier trends in Mt. Helan and Hasi ranges from 1960 to 2017

Precipitation, relative humidity, and SPEI in western and central (eastern) Alxa desert resemble conditions in Mt. Qilian (Helan and Hasi)

Tree-ring proxies from nearby mountains can faithfully represent the hydroclimate history of the Alxa desert

Long-term urbanization-induced climate effects in Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration region were examined based on analyzing observations and performing numerical simulations

Warming effect of urbanization was enhanced in both the magnitude and affected area in the late stage of urbanization

Altered energy partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes by urban expansion was the key factor of warming atmosphere

Tropical deep convective systems (DCSs) are objectively identified and categorized into different life stages from CloudSat observations

As DCS evolves, newly formed ice particles are likely to accumulate around convective pillars rather than being transmitted to anvil clouds

Precipitation occurs in a narrow region within the pillar during developing stage, widens at mature stage and shrinks at dissipating stage

Contributions of seasonal warming to permafrost thermal responses are isolated by specially designed experiments based on historical records

Permafrost in the Three River Source region and the Qiangtang High Plateau is vulnerable to thermal degradation induced by winter warming

1°C air temperature warming in summer lead to an increase of 0.35 m in active layer thickness (ALT) and of 0.20°C in mean annual ground temperature (MAGT), while in winter,an increase of 0.16 m, 0.13°C

Five box models participated in a cloud chemistry intercomparison representing a case at Whiteface Mountain Observatory

Model results were often quite different indicating a need for recommended equilibria and aqueous-phase reaction rate constants

Comparisons of simple to detailed chemistry schemes show need for development of effective simplified organic aqueous chemistry schemes

Conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations were used to identify sensitive areas for the development of a southwest vortex (SWV)

Three sensitive areas were identified; two were located on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and the third was in the Eastern Sichuan Basin

The dynamical effect is dominant at the initial stage of SWV, while diabatic heating is more notable during the intensification stage