Kinetics of NADPH-Induced Non-Photochemical Reduction of the Plastoquinone Pool in Spinach Chloroplasts

Ming-Xian Jin, Hualing Mi

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):161-164 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021337219705

Kinetics of non-photochemical reduction of the photosynthetic intersystem electron transport chain by exogenous NADPH was examined in osmotically lysed spinach chloroplasts by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence measurements under anaerobic condition. Upon the addition of NADPH, the apparent F₀ increased sigmoidally, and the value of the maximal slope was calculated to give the reduction rate of plastoquinone (PQ) pool. Application of 5 µM antimycin A lowered significantly both the ceiling and the rate of the NADPH-induced Chl fluorescence increase, while the suppressive effect of 10 µM rotenone was slighter. This indicated that dark...

Effects of Osmotic Drought Stress Induced by a Combination of NaCl and Polyethylene Glycol on Leaf Water Status, Photosynthetic Gas Exchange, and Water Use Efficiency of Pistacia khinjuk and P. mutica

A. Ranjbarfordoei, R. Samson, R. Lemeur, P. Van Damme

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):165-169 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021377103775

Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, chlorophyll a and b contents, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and water use efficiency were determined in two pistachio species (Pistacia khinjuk L. and P. mutica L.) grown under osmotic drought stress induced by a combination of NaCl and polyethylene glycol 6000. A decrease in values for all mentioned variables was observed as the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution (Ψ_s) decreased. The osmotic adjustment (ΔΨ_π) of the species increased by decreasing Ψ_s. Thus P. khinjuk had a higher osmotic drought...

Porteous, A.: Dictionary of Environmental Science and Technology. 3^rd Ed.

J. Jeník

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):170 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021382732425

Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Photosynthetic Characteristics in Different Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars

P. Proietti, F. Famiani

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):171-176 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021329220613

Diurnal and seasonal changes in photosynthetic characteristics, leaf area dry mass (ADM), and reducing sugar and total chlorophyll (Chl) contents of leaves of Frantoio, Leccino, and Maurino olive cultivars were investigated in Central Italy. Leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_N) per unit leaf area changed during the growing season and during the day, but the cultivar did not significantly influence the changes. In both young and one-year-old leaves the highest P_N values were observed in October, while the lowest values were recorded in August and December; during the day the highest P_N values were generally...

Effects of Flooding on Susceptibility of Taxodium distichum L. Seedlings to Drought

J.M. Elcan, S.R. Pezeshki

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):177-182 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021381204684

Responses of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings to soil moisture were studied to test the hypothesis that flooding may lead to seedling's higher susceptibility to drought. Treatments included a well-watered but drained control (C), continuously flooded (CF), control followed by drought (CD), and flooded followed by drought (FD). Gas exchange values revealed no significant effects on net photosynthetic rate (P_N) in response to flooding. In contrast, after the onset of drought, P_N was significantly reduced in CD and FD plants. Significant growth reductions under mild drought conditions indicated that...

Chlorophyll-Deficient Mutant in Oak (Quercus petraea L.) Displays an Accelerated Hypersensitive-Like Cell Death and an Enhanced Resistance to Powdery Mildew Disease

V. Repka

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):183-193 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021577521522

Plants of the discovered chlorophyll-deficient mutant of oak (ML) display enhanced disease resistance to the fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum, causal agent of powdery mildew. Quantitative imaging of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence revealed that the net photosynthetic rate (P_N) declined progressively in both untreated and invaded ML leaves as well as in inoculated wild-type (WT) leaves. Images of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) in both untreated and infected mutant leaves suggested that the capacity of Calvin cycle had been reduced and that there was a complex metabolic heterogeneity within the ML leaf. The ML mutant...

Rengel, Z. (ed.): Handbook of Plant Growth. pH as the Master Variable

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):194 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021374530608

Similar Effects of Ozone on Four Cultivars of Lettuce in Open Top Chambers During Winter

A. Calatayud, J.W. Alvarado, E. Barreno

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):195-200 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021333305592

Ozone is the major phytotoxic air pollutant that reduces the yield of several agricultural crops in the Spanish Mediterranean area. We studied four lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) for the effects of different O₃ concentrations during the winter on chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence, lipid peroxidation, and root length in outdoor open-top chambers. Under O₃ the photosynthetic quantum conversion declined while heat emissions increased in all cultivars; these results provide more evidence of non-filtered air with additional ozone (NFA+O₃) treatment compared with non-filtered air (NFA) and charcoal filtered...

Ionic and Osmotic Effects of Salinity on Single-Leaf Photosynthesis in Two Wheat Cultivars with Different Drought Tolerance

S. Muranaka, K. Shimizu, M. Kato

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):201-207 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021337522431

The effects of iso-osmotic salinity and drought stresses on leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_N) in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars BR 8 and Norin 61, differing in drought tolerance, were compared. In drought-sensitive Norin 61, the decline of P_N was larger than that in drought-tolerant BR 8. Under NaCl treatment, P_N decreased in two phases similarly in both cultivars. In the first phase, photosynthetic depression was gradual without any photochemical changes. In the second phase, photosynthetic depression was rapid and accompanied with a decline of the energy conversion efficiency...

Characteristics of Photosynthetic Apparatus in Mn-Starved Maize Leaves

C. D. Jiang, H. Y. Gao, Q. Zou

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):209-213 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021389506501

The effects of Mn-deficiency on CO₂ assimilation and excitation energy distribution were studied using Mn-starved maize leaves. Mn-deficiency caused about 70 % loss in the photon-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P_N) compared to control leaves. The loss of P_N was associated with a strong decrease in the activity of oxygen evolution complex (OEC) and the linear electron transport driven by photosystem 2 (PS2) in Mn-deficienct leaves. The photochemical quenching of PS2 (q_P) and the maximum efficiency of PS2 photochemistry (F_v/F_m) decreased significantly in Mn-starved leaves...

Khachatourian, G.H.G., McHugheen, A., Scorza, R., Nip Wai-Kit, Hui, Y.H.: Transgenic Plants and Crops

M. Ondřej

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):214 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021326614678

Saturating Irradiance-Induced Photoinhibition without Monomerisation of Photosystem 2 Dimer in Soybean Leaves

Shi-Qing Cai, Gen-Yun Chen, Hai-Bo Zhang, Da-Quan Xu

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):215-220 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021341623339

The oligomeric state of photosystem 2 (PS2) complex in soybean leaves treated with saturating irradiance was studied by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and gel filtration chromatography. PS2 dimers resolved by non-denaturing PAGE accounted for about 75 % of total PS2 complex and there was no significant difference in the ratio of PS2 dimer to monomer between samples from saturating irradiance-treated and fully dark-adapted leaves. Furthermore, BBY particles were resolved into four chlorophyll-enriched fractions by gel filtration chromatography. From their molecular masses and protein components, these fractions were deduced...

Diurnal Changes in Photosynthesis, Sugars, and Nitrogen of Wheat and Mungbean Grown Under Elevated CO₂ Concentration

A.C. Srivastava, Y.P. Khanna, R.C. Meena, Madan Pal, U.K. Sengupta

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):221-225 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021393607410

The diurnal changes in leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and sugar and nitrogen contents in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) cv. HD 2285] and mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek cv. PS 16] were analysed under ambient, AC [350±25 µmol mol^-1] and elevated, EC [600±50 µmol mol^-1] CO₂ concentrations. In both mungbean and wheat P_N of AC- and EC-grown plants compared at the same CO₂ concentration showed that P_N was higher under EC. However, increased P_N in EC-plants declined in the afternoon and approached...

Weiner, E.R.: Applications of Environmental Chemistry. A Practical Guide for Environmental Professionals

J. Dušek

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):226 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021338917404

Radiation Use Efficiency, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Reflectance Indices Associated with Ontogenic Changes in Water-Limited Chenopodium quinoa Leaves

T. Winkel, M. Méthy, F. Thénot

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):227-232 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021345724248

Net photosynthetic rate, radiation use efficiency, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and leaf water potential were measured during a 25-d period of progressive water deficit in quinoa plants grown in a glasshouse in order to examine effects of water stress and ontogeny. All physiological parameters except F_v/F_m were sensitive to water stress. Ontogenic variations did not exist in F_v/F_m and leaf water potential, and were moderate to high in the other parameters. The complete recovery of photosynthetic parameters after re-irrigation was related with the stability in F_v/F_m....

Photosynthesis and the Enzymes of Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle in Mulberry During Water Stress and Recovery

S. Thimmanaik, S. Giridara Kumar, G. Jyothsna Kumari, N. Suryanarayana, C. Sudhakar

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):233-236 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021397708318

Net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_S), transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), leaf water potential (Ψ_w), leaf area, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and the activities of photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (PCR) enzymes in two mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars (drought tolerant Anantha and drought sensitive M-5) were studied during water stress and recovery. During water stress, P_N, g_S, and E declined whereas C_i increased. P_N, g_S,...

Gas Exchange Responses to CO₂ Concentration Instantaneously Elevated in Flag Leaves of Winter Wheat Cultivars Released in Different Years

H.Q. Liu, G.M. Jiang, Q.D. Zhang, J.Z. Sun, R.J. Guo, L.M. Gao, K.Z. Bai, T.Y. Kuang

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):237-242 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021349825156

Three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, representatives of those widely cultivated in Beijing over the past six decades, were grown in the same environmental conditions. Net photosynthetic rate (P_N) per unit leaf area and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of flag leaves increased with elevated CO₂ concentration. With an increase in CO₂ concentration from 360 to 720 µmol mol^-1, P_N and WUE of Jingdong 8 (released in 1990s and having the highest yield) increased by 173 and 81 %, while those of Nongda 139 (released in 1970s) increased by 88 and 66 %, and...

Photosynthetic Pathways and Life Forms in Different Grassland Types from North China

R.Z. Wang

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):243-250 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021301909227

Photosynthetic pathways (C₄, C₃, and CAM species) and plant life forms of three grassland types in North China were compared. Of the total 201 species, 144 species in 78 genera and 34 families had C₃ photosynthetic pathway, 56 species in 35 genera and 11 families had C₄ photosynthetic pathway, and 1 species had CAM photosynthetic pathway. The number of C₄ species in Songnen meadow was 70-80 % greater than that in Xilinguole steppe and Hunshandak desert grassland, but that for C₃ species did not differ significantly among the three grassland types. The number of therophytes in the Songnen...

Analysis of the Disk-to-Disk Energy Transfer Processes in C-Phycocyanin Complexes by Computer Simulation Technique

Jie Xie, Jing-quan Zhao, Chenghang Peng

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):251-257 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021353926065

Based on the crystal structure and spectral properties of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from cyanobacteria, models for complexes with 2 and 3 C-PC hexamer disks were built and the energy transfer dynamic properties were studied by the use of stochastic computer simulation approach. In addition, an experimental parameter of 0.056 ps^-1, corresponding to a time constant of 18 ps, derived from the previous time-resolved measurement, was used for simulation of the energy transfer process from the three terminal symmetrically equivalent β₈₄ chromophores of the core-linked disk to an α₈₄ chromophore of the allophycocyanin...

Lohninger, H.: Teach/Me. Data Analysis. Single User Edition. Electronic media

N. Wilhelmová

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):258 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021330715587

Photosynthetic Assimilation of Sun versus Shade Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] Needles Under the Long-Term Impact of Elevated CO₂ Concentration

M.V. Marek, O. Urban, M. Šprtová, R. Pokorný, Z. Rosová, J. Kulhavý

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):259-267 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021306010135

The long-term impact of elevated concentration of CO₂ on assimilation activity of sun-exposed (E) versus shaded (S) foliage was investigated in a Norway spruce stand [Picea abies (L.) Karst, age 14 years] after three years of cultivation in two domes with adjustable windows (DAW). One DAW was supplied with ambient air [AC, ca. 350 µmol(CO₂) mol^-1) and the second with elevated CO₂ concentration [EC = AC plus 350 µmol(CO₂) mol^-1]. The pronounced vertical profile of the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) led to the typical differentiation of the photosynthetic...

Wager, E., Godlee, F., Jefferson, T.: How to Survive Peer Review

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):268 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021386800566

Mechanical Wounding Caused by Inoculation Influences the Photosynthetic Response of Nicotiana benthamiana Plants to Plum Pox Potyvirus

V. Hlaváčková, M. Špundová, J. Nauš, M. Navrátil, R. Kouřil, R. Kaňa

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):269-277 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021358026974

Plants of Nicotiana benthamiana (Gray) (60 d old) were mechanically inoculated by a spreading of the fourth and fifth leaves with inoculum with or without plum pox potyvirus (PPV). Changes in growth parameters and selected photosynthetic characteristics were followed in control and inoculated plants in the locally affected leaves (LA) during 11 d after inoculation (DAI), in systemically affected leaves immature at time of inoculation (SAI) during 14-25 DAI, and in systemically affected leaves developed after the inoculation (SAD) during 28-39 DAI. The pure mechanical damage caused by inoculation induced a decrease in the net photosynthetic rate...

Ke, B.: Photosynthesis. Photobiochemistry and Photobiophysics

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):278 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021378631517

Photothermal Spectra of Thylakoids Isolated from Cucumber Cotyledons at Various Stages of Greening

A. Waloszek, S. Więckowski, A. Planner, A. Boguta, D. Frąckowiak

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):279-288 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021310111044

The character of interaction between carotenoids (Cars) and chlorophylls (Chls) in thylakoids isolated from cucumber cotyledons at three stages of greening (3, 6, and 24 h of irradiation with 120 µmol m^-2 s^-1) was studied. The shapes of the steady state photoacoustic spectra were changed with the change in time of greening and with the frequency of radiation modulation. The shapes show that changes not only in the contents of various pigments but also in pigment interactions with surrounding occur and that processes of thermal deactivation characterised by different kinetics take place. Slow processes of thermal deactivation...

The Use of a Portable Non-Destructive Type Nitrogen Meter for Leaves of Woody Plants in Field Studies

T. Ichie, Y. Kitahashi, S. Matsuki, Y. Maruyama, T. Koike

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):289-292 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021362127882

The practicality of the portable, non-destructive type nitrogen meter (Agriexpert PPW-3000) was tested on ten forest species. Also investigated was the potential relationship between leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll (Chl) contents and the readings taken with the PPW-3000 and a Chl meter (SPAD-502). There was a significantly positive correlation between the readings of PPW-3000 and N content in the same leaves, whereas the correlation between leaf Chl content and the PPW-3000 values was less positive. Similarly there was a significant positive correlation between actual Chl content and the SPAD-502 readings and...

Modelling Net Photosynthetic Rate of Winter Wheat in Elevated Air CO₂ Concentrations

N. Harnos, Z. Tuba, K. Szente

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):293-300 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021314211953

Winter wheat plants were grown in open top chambers either at 365 µmol mol^-1 (AC) or at 700 µmol mol^-1 (EC) air CO₂ concentrations. The photosynthetic response of flag leaves at the beginning of flowering and on four vertical leaf levels at the beginning of grain filling were measured. Net photosynthetic rates (P_N) were higher at both developmental phases in plants grown at EC coupled with larger leaf area and photosynthetic pigment contents. The widely accepted Farquhar net photosynthesis model was parameterised and tested using several observed data. After parameterisation the test results...

Dissipation of Excitation Energy During Development of Photosystem 2 Photochemistry in Helianthus annuus

J.G. Lebkuecher, L.E. Altmon, G.K. Harris, K.L. Wallace, A.R. Wilding

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):301-304 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021366228791

Etiolated sunflower cotyledons developed in complete darkness and lacking photosystem (PS) 2 were exposed to continuous 200 µmol(photon) m^-2 s^-1 "white light" for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h prior to evaluations of excitation-energy dissipation using modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence. Photochemical potential of PS2, measured as the dark-adapted quantum efficiency of PS2 (F_V(M)/F_M), and thermal dissipation from the antenna pigment-protein complex, measured as the Stern-Volmer non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), increased to 12 h of irradiation. Following 12 h of irradiation, thermal dissipation...

Variation in Photosynthetic Rates and Biomass Productivity among Four Mulberry Cultivars

K.V. Chaitanya, S. Masilamani, P.P. Jutur, A. Ramachandra Reddy

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):305-308 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021318412861

Among four mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars (K-2, MR-2, BC2-59, and S-13), highest net photosynthetic rate (P_N) was observed in BC2-59 while the lowest rates were recorded with K-2. Significant differences among the four cultivars were found in leaf area, biomass production, activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and sucrose phosphate synthase, and glucose and sucrose contents. The P_N and the activities of photosynthetic enzymes in the four cultivars were significantly correlated with the growth and biomass production measured as leaf yield, total shoot mass, and aerial plant biomass.

The Photosynthetic Response to Elevated CO₂ in High Altitude Potato Species (Solanum curtilobum)

N. Olivo, C.A. Martinez, M.A. Oliva

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):309-313 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021370429699

Plants of Solanum curtilobum (from high altitude) and Solanum tuberosum (from low altitude) were grown in open-top chambers in a greenhouse at either ambient (AC, 360 µmol mol^-1) or ca. twice ambient (EC, 720 µmol mol^-1) CO₂ concentrations for 30 d. CO₂ treatments started at the reproductive stage of the plants. There were similar patterns in the physiological response to CO₂ enrichment in the two species. Stomatal conductance was reduced by 59 % in S. tuberosum and by 55 % in S. curtilobum, but such a reduction did not limit the net photosynthetic...

Hawkesford, M.J., Buchner, P. (ed.): Molecular Analysis of Plant Adaptation to the Environment

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):314 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021334816496

Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration on the Stomatal Parameters of Rice Cultivars

D.C. Uprety, N. Dwivedi, V. Jain, R. Mohan

Photosynthetica 2002, 40(2):315-319 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1021322513770

The response of stomatal parameters of four rice cultivars to atmospheric elevated CO₂ concentration (EC) was studied using open top chambers. EC brought about reduction in stomatal conductance and increase in stomatal index, size of stomatal guard cells, stroma, and epidermal cells. Such acclimation helped the regulation of photosynthesis to EC. These changes in stomatal characters made rice cultivars adjustable to EC environment.