We present a scaling based on balancing wind-driven upwelling and eddy restratification for the source depth in coastal upwelling regions

The source depth increases nonlinearly with stronger winds and weaker stratification

This has implications for how source depth –and temperature and nutrient content of upwelled water–may change in a more stratified ocean

We use three ¼° forced NEMO integrations to investigate mechanisms for AMOC variability

Decadal AMOC variability is mainly forced by winter cooling in the Irminger Sea, and to a lesser extent by cooling in the Labrador Sea

An annual index, derived from the surface-forced streamfunction and accumulated over 10 years, has predictive skill for the AMOC strength

Calibrated observations of sediment mobilisation and transport on the continental shelf under barotropic and baroclinic forcing

Sediment response to bed stress was unsteady, resulting in a variable time lag with height above the sea bed

Suspended sediment concentration dropped sharply coincident with a bottom mixing layer pycnocline

Spring freshet plumes can be identified underneath landfast sea ice by optical and acoustic methods

In the coastal Alaskan Arctic, optical time series of freshet plumes under ice reflect both physical and biogeochemical influences

The geography, bathymetry, and stamukhi around Stefansson Sound collectively impound freshet plumes under landfast ice until early summer

Four ocean color types are defined for the North Sea, which are associated with bio-optical, physical and zooplankton community covariates

Ocean color province dynamics relate to variability in local wind-forced currents and large-scale variations in source waters

Atlantic-associated ocean color types show highest coverage in the North Sea during periods of reduced wind-forced circulation

Five main physical processes influenced by seamounts are investigated

The presence of seamounts increases the number of generated eddies and biological connectivity among different seamounts in deep water

Tidal effects are different for different seamounts

A relatively large number of intrathermocline eddies in the Bay of Bengal are observed in the northern part

Observations show that Andaman Sea water is trapped inside the core of the intrathermocline eddies

Strong flow through the Preparis Channel due to the propagation of coastal-trapped waves causes the formation of intrathermocline eddies

The temperature anomalies over western Pacific warm pool in part explain the ENSO asymmetry in occurrence frequency and intensity

The anomalous cooling over western Pacific warm pool during summer and autumn greatly amplifies the amplitude of El Niño

A colder western Pacific warm pool with successive westerly wind bursts implies a greater probability of Eastern Pacific El Niño

Monsoonal river runoff creates a pool of low-salinity water in the north Bay of Bengal in August–September

The vertical gradient of salinity creates extremely stable stratification underneath the shallow layer of river water

Ship-borne measurements show that salinity stratification traps momentum input from wind in the upper 20 m of the ocean

We have developed a new method that combines climatological sea-ice probability and initial-state anomaly to forecast sea-ice presence

Ice-edge forecasts derived from this method can outperform climatological benchmarks at lead times of up to 2 months

Spatial damped anomaly persistence forecasts have a higher predictive skill than most models from the sub-seasonal to seasonal database