Ongoing alteration decreases in intensity with increasing depth below the present erosional surface

Sulfur is accumulating in a supergene enrichment zone 30 to 150 m below the present erosional surface

Deep oxygen fugacity is fixed by H2 gas saturation= plus ongoing oxidation of fe2+ in 3 holes & serpentine-brucite equilibria in 4 holes

A systematic model is developed to describe the generation, migration, phase partitioning and accumulation of methane under the seafloor

Microbial methane in concentrated hydrates is generated from the entire basin, both above and below the base of hydrate stability zone

Three-dimensional free gas flow focuses microbial methane into sands/silts at structural closures to form concentrated hydrate

We define “Rayleigh–Love discrepancy” as a stronger velocity reduction of Rayleigh wave than that of Love wave after the Sumatra Earthquake

Rayleigh–Love discrepancy is inconsistent with a velocity change in isotropic media, but an increase in radial anisotropy near the surface

Time-varying Rayleigh–Love discrepancy reflects changes in fluid-filled horizontal cracks under cyclic loading by successive earthquakes

A non-uniform distribution of scattering strength can have a profound impact on the spatio-temporal sensitivity of coda waves

We illustrate this using Monte Carlo simulations for models with either a volcanic, fault zone or two half-spaces setting

The mean intensity, specific intensity and energy flux, is key to understanding the decorrelation, travel-time and scattering kernels, respectively

Two carbonate occurrences are observed: localized dolomite, calcite, and aragonite veins and pervasive dispersed carbonates

Carbonate precipitation in the peridotite occurred in the last 50 kyr at moderate temperatures, post-dating ocean-floor serpentinization

The oxygen isotope composition of dispersed carbonates indicates precipitation from highly ¹⁸O-depleted fossil groundwater

BT1B listvenite series and metamorphic sole derive from partially serpentinized basal banded peridotites and alkaline basalts respectively

Chemical redistribution suggests reactions with several batches of CO₂-rich fluids over various flow paths parallel to the basal thrust

Listvenitization due to CO₂ metasomatism could represent a major trap-and-release mechanism for CO₂, FME and H₂O along convergent margins

East- and up-rate maps exhibit tectonic and anthropogenic processes with mm-accuracy in high spatial resolution (400 m)

Rate map quality depends on interferometric data coherence and the availability of stabilizing GNSS data

Major tectonic signal is E–W shortening in the Tajik fold-thrust belt due to the westward collapse of the Pamir-Plateau crust

More practical expressions of geomagnetic vectors and geomagnetic gradient tensors with non-singularity are formulated

Four kinds of recursive formulae of Schmidt semi-normalized associated Legendre function (SNALF) are derived

The standard formula to check the calculation accuracy of various recursive formulae of Schmidt SNALF are given

A new global geomagnetic field model covering the period 15–70 kyr is presented which includes three magnetic excursions

The most pronounced event in this period is the Laschamps excursion, during which the axial dipole reverses sign for about 300 years

Similarities and differences at the Earth’s surface and the core-mantle boundary among three geomagnetic excursions are discussed

Machine-learning (ML) methods are proposed to drive wave propagation based on seismic data

Optimal prediction results of seismic attributes are obtained by feeding rock-physics properties into the trained models

The proposed method has the potential to obtain additional physical quantities and shows a broad application prospect

The “neighborhood algorithm” provides a robust methodology for testing layered anisotropy in the Earth's inner core

There is no significant change observed in the strength of anisotropy with depth in the inner core

The innermost inner core is defined as a gradual change in the slow propagation direction of anisotropy

Integration of 115 years of deformation data reveals subsidence up 50 cm/year in Mexico City

The majority of the subsidence is irreversible and its rates are linearly correlated to the thickness of the upper aquitard

Migration of low-quality water to the productive aquifer sets the stage for a water crisis, which influences the socioeconomic landscape