THOM simulates the best system structure and microphysical processes in a MFBE event in southeast China

Increasing rain breakup and evaporation efficiency in THOM greatly improves the simulated DSDs, precipitation and cold pool strength

The application of assimilation technology and polarimetric retrieval bridges the direct comparison of observations and simulations

The discharge channel in the connection region of the positive and negative leaders is almost always split

The formation of the leading edge of the main current pulse of the discharge occurs at the end of the breakthrough phase

The observed dependence of the leader velocity on the discharge current appears to be close to direct proportionality

Particle number concentrations decreased by about 85% during the COVID-19 enforced lockdown in Hyderabad

Atmospheric new particle formation and growth suppressed during lockdown

The reduction in anthropogenic emissions and meteorological variabilities lead to suppressed new particle formation and growth events

Global inversion systems are able to simulate observed CO₂ frontal differences but with varying degrees of success

Most global inversion systems underestimate dormant-season frontal and vertical CO₂ differences

Inversion framework differences appear to explain more of the model-data differences in CO₂ weather metrics than CO₂ data sources

The modeled cloud produced very few mm-sized drops similar to observations but copious large drops with reduced aerosol loading

Entrainment and mixing diluted most of the cloud volume which limited liquid water content but drove droplet activation above cloud base

Neglecting droplet activation above cloud base decreased modeled droplet concentrations aloft but did little to increase rain production

A field campaign and high-resolution weather model were conducted over complex terrain to investigate PBL structure and flow circulation

The daytime sea breeze transports concentrated O₃ inland, and this intrusion enhances the wind flow over the mountain

The PBL evolution processes illustrated in this study provide important information for air quality research

Present-day patterns in aerosol optical depth differ substantially between 94 modern global data sets

The range in spatial means from individual satellites is -11% to +17% of the multi-satellite mean

Spatial means from climate model intercomparison projects fall within the satellite range but strong regional differences are identified

Ozone (O₃) responses to drought display a clear spatial east-west discrepancy in the contiguous US: higher O₃ enhancement in the southeast and little change or even decrease in the west

The daytime decrease of O₃ under drought in California is attributable to the up to 24% reduction of the O₃ production rate (PO₃) due to the decrease of isoprene emissions

The increase of isoprene in the southeast leads to an enhancement of PO₃ by up to 33%, accounting for more than half of the O₃ increase under drought. The rest could be due to the changes in other non-chemical processes

The Atlantic Multidecadal Variability plays a critical role in the decadal temperature variations over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau

Large temperature variations before the 1870s were associated with external forcings, including solar activity and volcanic eruptions

The weak warming over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau since the 1980s has contributed to the “Karakoram Anomaly”

Despite intense moisture advection by an atmospheric river, foehn winds tied to orographic gravity waves (OGWs) led to snowfall sublimation

The flow direction determined the intensity of the foehn and hence the temporal and spatial precipitation variability

The event can be divided into three phases during which the features of the OGWs influenced the observed microphysics in distinct ways