Heat fluxes dominate the development of the mixed layers (MLs) in the Red Sea, whereas salinity preconditions denser water formation

Advective fluxes dominate the restratification processes in spring, primarily through their effect on salinity

Entrainment plays an important role in the evolution of ML density throughout the Red Sea

Globally, the trend of tropical cyclone (TC) induced diapycnal diffusivity is not significant, due to great inter-basin differences

On the interannual timescales, El Niño and Southern Oscillation can modulate TC-induced diapycnal diffusivity in the globe by regulating the ocean stratification

The relationship of TC-induced diapycnal diffusivity with dominant climate modes may be interactive on the interdecadal timescales

An intraseasonal double peak of chlorophyll occurs in the western South China Sea in summer in 11 out of 20 years (1998–2017)

Upwelling and offshore transport contribute to the first chlorophyll bloom

Submesoscale frontogenetic processes associated with an eddy dipole are responsible for the second chlorophyll bloom

Strong upwelling exists in the west area of the northwestern South China Sea based on the distributions of water temperature, δ¹⁸O, and δD

The eastward advection of upwelled water in summer contributes to the seasonal variations of the δ¹⁸O and δD distribution patterns

Based on δ¹⁸O, offshore deeper water in west area contributes 40% and 69% to the offshore upper water in spring and summer, respectively

A machine learning-based approach was developed to estimate total suspended solid (TSS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in the turbid Pearl River Estuary (PRE)

Satellite-derived time series of TSS and Chl-a in the PRE presented significant spatiotemporal variations

TSS decreased at an annual rate of ∼0.13 mg L⁻¹ while Chl-a increased at an annual rate of ∼0.05 mg m⁻³ in the last 18 years

Using a 2DV exploratory model, net water transport is disentangled into different components and attributed to their driving mechanisms

The theory of differential water level setup is extended to explain net water transport due to these various driving mechanisms

In the Yangtze Estuary, net water transport due to tidal rectifications and density gradients can be comparable to river water transport

The Bering and eastern Chukchi Sea shelves act as summer CO₂ sinks, except when impacted by river runoff and wind-driven overturning

The summer surface CO₂ is driven by primary productivity, while summer warming is only apparent in shallow nearshore areas

Rapid summer warming decreased the Chukchi sea shelf CO₂ sink, while increasing primary productivity increased the Bering Sea shelf CO₂ sink

Localized chlorophyll enhancement and submesoscale structures in a frontal region were captured by a biogeochemical-Argo float in the central SIO

High-resolution simulations revealed that frontogenesis leads to nutrient injections and induces high chlorophyll in the frontal region

At the basin scale, a significant correlation between frontogenesis and the phytoplankton composition index was found in the central SIO

The microhabitat of Cribrononion subincertum was found to be epifaunal in the Changjiang Estuary

Cribrononion subincertum Mn/Ca ratios were responsive to variations of bottom water dissolved oxygen

Epifaunal benthic foraminifera can be a robust monitor for coastal hypoxia; more species need to be similarly studied