Anti-Oxidative Effect of Elevated CO₂ Concentration in the Air on Maize Hybrids Subjected to Severe Chill

R. Bączek-Kwinta, J. Kościelniak

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):161-165 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011947.78548.e1

Elevated CO₂ concentration (700 cm³ m^-3, EC) inhibited chill-dependent (7 °C) depression of net photosynthetic rate of two maize hybrids with different sensitivity to low temperature. The rate of superoxide radical formation in leaves, leaf membrane injury, and the decrease in maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem 2 were successfully diminished by the treatment. The protective effect of EC toward stress conditions was prolonged at the recovery phase (20 °C). The genotypic impact on studied parameters was also notable.

Baker, A., Graham, I.A. (ed.): Plant Peroxisomes. (Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Biotechnical Applications.)

D. Procházková

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):166 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011981.81406.f1

Modifications in Photosynthetic Pigments and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in 20-Year-Old Pine Trees after a Four-Year Exposure to Carbon Dioxide and Temperature Elevation

K. Y. Wang, S. Kellomäki, T. Zha

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):167-175 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011948.00870.db

Changes in pigment composition and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters were studied in 20 year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees grown in environment-controlled chambers and subjected to ambient conditions (CON), doubled ambient CO₂ concentration (EC), elevated temperature (ambient +2-6 °C, ET), or a combination of EC and ET (ECT) for four years. EC did not significantly alter the optimal photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2; F_v/F_m), or Chl a+b content during the main growth season (days 150-240) but it reduced F_v/F_m and the Chl a+b content and increased...

Brasseur, G.P., Prinn, R.G., Pszenny, A.A.P. (ed.): Atmospheric Chemistry in a Changing World. An Integration and Synthesis of a Decade of Tropospheric Chemistry Research. The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

J. Čatský

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):176 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011982.92189.67

Different Mechanisms for Photosystem 2 Reversible Down-Regulation in Pumpkin and Soybean Leaves Under Saturating Irradiance

Hai-Bo Zhang, Da-Quan Xu

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):177-184 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011949.91626.ec

After saturating irradiation for 3 h (SI), the original fluorescence F₀ increased while the photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) declined significantly. These parameters could largely recover to the levels of dark-adapted leaves after 3 h of subsequent dark recovery. No net loss of the D1 proteins occurred after SI. Soybean and pumpkin leaves had different responses to SI. Low temperature fluorescence parameters, F₆₈₅ and F₆₈₅/F₇₃₅, decreased significantly in soybean leaves but not in pumpkin leaves. Part of the light-harvesting complex LHC2 dissociated from PS2 complexes...

Anatomical and Eco-Physiological Changes in Leaves of Couch-Grass (Elymus repens L.), a Temperate Loess Grassland Species, after 7 Years Growth Under Elevated CO₂ Concentration

A.I. Engloner, D. Kovács, J. Balogh, Z. Tuba

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):185 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011950.80843.79

Leaf anatomy and eco-physiology of Elymus repens, a temperate loess grassland species, were determined after seven years of exposure to 700 μmol (CO₂) mol^-1 (EC). EC treatment resulted in significant reduction of stomatal density on both surfaces of couch-grass leaves. Thickness of leaves and that of the sclerenchyma tissues between the vessels and the adaxial surfaces, the area of vascular bundle, and the volumes of phloem and tracheary increased at EC while abaxial epidermis and the sclerenchyma layer between the vessel and the abaxial surface were thicker at ambient CO₂ concentration (AC). Stomatal conductance...

Frank, H.A., Young, A.J., Britton, G., Cogdell, R.J. (ed.): The Photochemistry of Carotenoids

Z. Šesták

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):190 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011983.04689.b9

Effects of NaCl Stress on the Structure, Pigment Complex Composition, and Photosynthetic Activity of Mangrove Bruguiera parviflora Chloroplasts

A.K. Parida, A.B. Das, B. Mittra

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):191 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011951.37231.69

Exposure of two-month-old seedlings of Bruguiera parviflora to NaCl stress (0 to 400 mM) for 45 d under hydroponic culture caused notable disorganisation of the thylakoid structure of chloroplasts in NaCl-treated leaves as revealed from transmission electron microscopy. The absorption spectra of treated and control thylakoid samples were similar having a red peak at 680 nm and Soret peaks at 439 and 471 nm in the blue region of the spectrum. The spectra of treated samples differed from control samples by gradual decrease in absorbance of 100, 200, and 400 mM NaCl treated samples at 471 and 439 nm, which could be due to scattering of radiation...

Carbon Partitioning and Assimilation as Affected by Nitrogen Deficiency in Cassava

J.L. Cruz, P.R. Mosquim, C.R. Pelacani, W.L. Araujo, F.M. DaMatta

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):201-207 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011952.77340.53

Plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were raised in a sand root medium watered with nutrient solutions, under greenhouse conditions. As the N-supply increased, shoot dry mass was enhanced to a greater extent than root dry mass, thus leading to an increased shoot to root ratio. In leaves, contents of total soluble saccharides, non-reducing saccharides, and inorganic phosphate increased linearly with increasing N-supply. An opposite response was found for reducing saccharides and starch. In general, content of non-reducing saccharides was considerably greater than starch content. Activity of sucrose synthase was not detected, regardless...

Markandya, A., Harau, P., Bellù, L.G., Cistulli, V.: Environmental Economics for Sustainable Growth

L. Nátr

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):208 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011984.85870.19

Response of Photosynthetic Apparatus of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to Combined Effect of Elevated CO₂ Concentration and Different Growth Irradiance

I. Kurasová, J. Kalina, M. Štroch, O. Urban, V. Špunda

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):209-219 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011953.36956.a3

The response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Akcent) to various photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) and elevated [CO₂] [700 μmol (CO₂) mol^-1; EC] was studied by gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence, and pigment analysis. In comparison with barley grown under ambient [CO₂] [350 μmol (CO₂) mol^-1; AC] the EC acclimation resulted in a decrease in photosynthetic capacity, reduced stomatal conductance, and decreased total Chl content. The extent of acclimation depression of photosynthesis, the most pronounced for the plants grown at 730 μmol m^-2...

Tisdell, C.: Economics and Ecology in Agriculture and Marine Production. Bioeconomics and Resource Use

L. Nátr

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):220 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011985.42326.09

Diurnal Gas Exchange and Superior Resources Use Efficiency of Typical C₄ Species in Hunshandak Sandland, China

S.L. Niu, G.M. Jiang, Y.G. Li, L.M. Gao, M.Z. Liu

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):221-226 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011954.32698.ea

Net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g _s), leaf water potential (ψ_leaf), leaf nitrogen content, and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) were compared between a typical C₄ plant, Agriophyllum squarrosum and a C₃ plant, Leymus chinensis, in Hunshandak Sandland, China. The plant species showed different diurnal gas exchange patterns on June 12-14 when photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), air temperature (T _air), and water potential were moderate. P _N, E, and g...

Gas Exchange and Water Use Efficiency of Three Native Tree Species in Hunshandak Sandland of China

Y.G. Li, G.M. Jiang, S.L. Niu, M.Z. Liu, Y. Peng, S.L. Yu, L.M. Gao

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):227-232 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011955.12025.dc

Only three tree species, i.e. Ulmus pumila, Malus baccata, and Prunus padus, are distributed in Hunshandak Sandland (HS) in Inner Mongolia, China. Field studies of gas exchange and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence of these three tree species were conducted in three arid periods of growth season 2002. Net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g _s), and F_v/F_m of U. pumila were higher than in M. baccata and P. padus, especially in the midday. Hence M. baccata and P. padus were more sensitive to high temperature...

Contrasting Changes of Photosystem 2 Efficiency in Arabidopsis Xanthophyll Mutants at Room or Low Temperature Under High Irradiance Stress

Chang-Lian Peng, A.M. Gilmore

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):233-239 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011956.29950.97

We compared the responses of wild type (WT) and three mutants including npq1 (lutein-replete and violaxanthin deepoxidase-deficient), lut2 (lutein-deficient), and lut2-npq1 (double mutant) to high irradiance (HI, 2 000 μmol m^-2 s^-1) at both low (LT, 5 °C) and room (25 °C) temperature. Xanthophyll-dependent energy dissipation was highest in the WT, followed by the lut2, npq1, and npq1-lut2. At 25 °C the relative stress tolerance expressed by F_v/F_m was consistent with the energy dissipation capacity for the first 2 h of treatment. After 3-4 h, the F_v/F_m...

Kraayenhof, R., Visser, A.J.W.G., Gerritsen, H.C., Wolfbeis, O. (ed.): Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Imaging and Probes

L. Nedbal, F. Adamec

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):240 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011986.70966.8e

Photosynthesis Inhibition During Gas Exchange Oscillations in ABA-Treated Helianthus annuus: Relative Role of Stomatal Patchiness and Leaf Carboxylation Capacity

J. Šantrůček, M. Hronková, J. Květoň, R.F. Sage

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):241-252 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011957.57326.5e

Environmental factors that induce spatial heterogeneity of stomatal conductance, g _s, called stomatal patchiness, also reduce the photochemical capacity of CO₂ fixation, yet current methods cannot distinguish between the relative effect of stomatal patchiness and biochemical limitations on photosynthetic capacity. We evaluate effects of stomatal patchiness and the biochemical capacity of CO₂ fixation on the sensitivity of net photosynthetic rate (P _N) to stomatal conductance (g _s), θ (θ = δP _N/g _s). A qualitative model shows...

The Effects of Drought Stress and Leaf Ageing on Leaf Photosynthesis and Electron Transport in Photosystem 2 in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) Cultivars

Haimeirong, F. Kubota

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):253-258 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011958.29441.01

Of the four tested sweet potato cultivars having different features in growth and yield, cv. Koganesengan (KOG) was sustainable in photosynthetic activity through young to aged leaves under drought. One of the causes for this phenomenon may be stomatal conductance (g _s) of this cultivar that was relatively high in both aged and drought-imposed leaves. In these leaves the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was low and the quantum yield of photosystem 2 (Φ_e) was high, compared to those of the other cultivars. This helps to prevent excessive accumulation of chemical energy in leaves and a decrease in photoinhibition damage...

The Susceptibility of Cucumber and Sweet Pepper to Chilling Under Low Irradiance is Related to Energy Dissipation and Water-Water Cycle

X. G. Li, Q. W. Meng, G. Q. Jiang, Q. Zou

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):259-265 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011959.30746.c0

The photoprotection of energy dissipation and water-water cycle were investigated by comparing chilling sensitivity of photosystems 2 (PS2) and 1 (PS1) in two chilling-sensitive plants, cucumber and sweet pepper, upon exposure to 4 °C under low irradiance (100 μmol m^-2 s^-1) for 6 h. During chilling stress, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (F_v/F_m) decreased only slightly in both plants, but the oxidisable P700 decreased markedly, which indicated that PS1 was more sensitive to chilling treatment under low irradiance than PS2. Sweet pepper leaves had lower F_v/F_m, higher non-photochemical...

Steger, G.: Bioinformatik. Methoden zur Vorhersage von RNA- und Proteinstrukturen.

R. Ettrich

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):266 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011987.74126.ed

Changes of Donor and Acceptor Side in Photosystem 2 Complex Induced by Iron Deficiency in Attached Soybean and Maize Leaves

Chuang-Dao Jiang, Hui-Yuan Gao, Qi Zou

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):267 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011960.95482.91

Photosynthesis in iron-deficient soybean and maize leaves decreased drastically. The quantum yield of photosystem 2 (PS2) electron transport (Φ_PS2), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PS2 reaction centres (F_v'/F_m'), and photochemical quenching coefficient (q_P) under high irradiance were lowered significantly by iron deficiency, but non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased markedly. The analysis of the polyphasic rise of fluorescence transient showed that iron depletion induced a pronounced K step both in soybean and maize leaves. The maximal quantum yield of PS2 photochemistry (Φ_po)...

Sverdrup, H. Sternquist, I. (ed.): Developing Principles and Models for Sustainable Forestry in Sweden

J. Jeník

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):272 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011988.93219.84

Assessment of Genotypic Variation in Salt Tolerance of early CIMMYT Hexaploid Wheat Germplasm Using Photosynthetic Capacity and Water Relations as Selection Criteria

M. Ashraf, M. Shahbaz

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):273-280 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011961.33120.b6

Twenty-five genotypes of early CIMMYT hexaploid wheat were screened for salt tolerance in a glasshouse experiment using photosynthetic capacity and water relation parameters as selection criteria. Under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) the genotypes Frontana, Norin-10, Mayo-54, Noreste-66, and Yaktana-54 excelled all other lines in shoot dry mass, and Na(20)TPP, Penjamo-62, Inia-66, Frontana, Siete Cerros, and Jaral-66 in grain yield per plant in both absolute and relative (percent of control) terms. Although net photosynthetic rate (P _N) declined in all genotypes due to salt stress, it was not helpful in discriminating among genotypes according...

Salicylic Acid Influences Net Photosynthetic Rate, Carboxylation Efficiency, Nitrate Reductase Activity, and Seed Yield in Brassica juncea

Q. Fariduddin, S. Hayat, A. Ahmad

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):281-284 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011962.05991.6c

Aqueous solutions of salicylic acid (SA) were applied to the foliage of 30-d-old plants of mustard (Brassica juncea Czern & Coss cv. Varuna). The plants sprayed with the lowest used concentration (10_-5 M) of SA were healthier than those sprayed with water only or with higher concentrations of SA (10^-4 or 10^-3 M). 60-d-old plants possessed 8.4, 9.8, 9.3, 13.0 and 18.5 % larger dry mass, net photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency, and activities of nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase over the control, respectively. Moreover, the number of pods and the seed yield increased by 13.7 and 8.4 % over...

Relationship between Contents of Chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD values) and Nitrogen of Some Temperate Grasses

N. Gáborčík

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):285-287 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011963.43628.15

In a field experiment the chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD readings) and nitrogen contents of three grass species (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Lolium perenne L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and three intergeneric hybrids of Festuca pratensis Huds. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. were measured. Close relationships were found between SPAD readings and nitrogen leaf content (r ² = 0.873^** 0.491^** and 0.938^**) for the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd cut, respectively. SPAD...

Ambasht, R.S., Ambasht, N.K. (ed.): Modern Trends in Applied Terrestrial Ecology

J. Květ

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):288 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011989.50568.bb

Comparative Characteristics of Growth and Photosynthesis of Sun and Shade Leaves from Normal and Pendulum Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Trees

L. Atanasova, D. Stefanov, I. Yordanov, K. Kornova, L. Kavardzikov

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):289 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011964.62378.5c

Pendulum walnut leaves exhibited various adaptive responses related to the regulation of photon interception such as specific downward orientation, greater leaf area, and larger pigment pool. Changes in the regulation of PS2 such as higher thermal dissipation (NPQ) and lower quantum efficiency (Φ_PS2) that protect the photosynthetic apparatus against damages were also found. The growth and photosynthetic features of pendulum walnut leaf are interpreted as adaptations that allow the pendulum walnut tree to compensate the impaired ability by appropriate growth to ensure the energy needs for photosynthesis, respectively for biomass formation.

Photosynthetic Response to Soil Water Contents of an Annual Pioneer C₄ Grass (Agriophyllum squarrosum) in Hunshandak Sandland, China

M.Z. Liu, G.M. Jiang, S.L. Niu, Y.G. Li, L.M. Gao, L. Ding, Y. Peng

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):293-296 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011965.42941.a9

Net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g _s), and leaf water potential (Ψ_l) of an annual pioneer C₄ grass (Agriophyllum squarrosum) were compared under different simulated precipitation events in a field of Hunshandak Sandland, China. The increase of soil water content (SWC) had significant effect on these physiological traits (p<0.001). In the vegetative stage, the values of P _N, E, and g _s went up sharply when SWC increased at the beginning, while they went down with continuous increase...

Plasticity in Physiology and Growth of Salix matsudana in Response to Simulated Atmospheric Temperature Rise in the Mu Us Sandland

W. M. He, M. Dong

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):297-300 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011966.30235.91

In a controlled experiment, Salix matsudana cuttings were subjected to three atmospheric temperatures (i.e. control, 0.5 and 1.0 °C above the control, respectively) to explore their short-term plastic responses to simulated atmospheric temperature rise. Warming affected significantly net photosynthetic and transpiration rates, but had no significant impacts on water use efficiency, ratio of sub-stomatal to atmospheric CO₂ concentration, maximum quantum yield, water saturation deficit, tissue density, and water loss. Leaf natality and leaf mortality were affected significantly by increasing atmospheric temperature. Total plant...

Photosynthetic Response of Carrots to Varying Irradiances

S. Kyei-Boahen, R. Lada, T. Astatkie, R. Gordon, C. Caldwell

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):301-305 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011967.74465.cc

Response to irradiance of leaf net photosynthetic rates (P _N) of four carrot cultivars: Cascade, Caro Choice (CC), Oranza, and Red Core Chantenay (RCC) were examined in a controlled environment. Gas exchange measurements were conducted at photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) from 100 to 1 000 μmol m^-2 s^-1 at 20 °C and 350 μmol (CO₂) mol^-1(air). The values of P _N were fitted to a rectangular hyperbolic nonlinear regression model. P _N for all cultivars increased similarly with increasing PAR but Cascade and Oranza generally had higher P _N...

Photosynthetic Response of Vigna radiata to Pre-Sowing Seed Treatment with 28-Homobrassinolide

Q. Fariduddin, A. Ahmad, S. Hayat

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):307-310 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011968.78037.b1

Surface sterilised seeds of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek cv. T-44) were soaked in 0, 10^-8, 10^-6, or 10^-4 M aqueous solution of 28-homobrassinolide (HBR) for 4, 8, or 12 h. The treated seeds were grown in sandy loam soil filled in earthen pots and sampled at 30, 40, and 50 d. Net photosynthetic rate, leaf chlorophyll content, carbonic anhydrase activity (E.C. 4.2.1.1), carboxylation efficiency, stomatal conductance, and seed yield at harvest were enhanced by the HBR treatment. The best combination was the pre-sowing seed treatment with 10^-6 M HBR for 8 h.

Dynamic Changes of Photosynthetic Pigments in Soybean Callus under High Irradiance

D.M. Pandey, K. H. Kim, U. D. Yeo

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):311-314 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011969.64026.3c

Dynamic changes of neoxanthin (NEO), violaxanthin (VIO), anteraxanthin (ANT), zeaxanthin (ZEA), chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, α-carotene, β-carotene, and their behaviour under increasing duration of high irradiance (HI) were investigated in the soybean hypocotyl callus culture. The calli were induced on solid (1.1 % agar) MS medium (pH 5.8) supplemented with 4.52 μM 2,4-D, 2.32 μM kinetin, and 3 % sucrose. After 30 d of culture, the green calli were irradiated with "white light" (133W m^-2) for 0, 3.5, and 24 h. HPLC profiles were separated on a C₁₈ column. With increasing duration of HI, the content...

Effect of Salicylic Acid on Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Contents of Wheat and Moong Seedlings

S.T. Moharekar, S.D. Lokhande, T. Hara, R. Tanaka, A. Tanaka, P.D. Chavan

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):315 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011970.62172.15

With the increase in concentration of applied salicylic acid (SA), chlorophyll (Chl) content decreased significantly in both wheat and moong seedlings. Chl a/b ratio decreased significantly only in wheat and remained constant in moong. On the other hand, total carotenoid (Car) content, size of xanthophyll pool, and de-epoxidation rate increased significantly with an increase in SA concentration in both plant species. Hence SA treatment may induce Car biosynthesis in these plant species, but the increase in the xanthophyll pool and de-epoxidation rate indicates that SA may create oxidative stress the degree of which is different in various plants.

Recovery of Net Photosynthetic Rate after SO₂ Fumigation in Quercus acutissima, Pinus densiflora, Populus alba×glandulosa, and Acanthopanax sessiliflorus

S.Y. Woo, K.W. Kwon, J.C. Lee, J.H. Choi, B.S. Kang

Photosynthetica 2003, 41(2):319-320 | DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011971.85208.8f

After SO₂ fumigation, Quercus acutissima and Pinus densiflora maintained high net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and did not show visible symptoms of damage. In contrast, Populus alba×glandulosa and Acanthopanax sessiliflorus had significantly reduced P _N and showed visible necrosis.