aInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
bSchool of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki
cDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
dCenter for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
eDepartment of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications “G. Parenti,” University of Florence, Florence, Italy
fDepartment of Global Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
gDepartment of Geography, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
hDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
iDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
jGraduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
kSchool of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
lDepartment of Statistics and Computational Research. Universitat de València, València, Spain
mInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine
nOeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
oUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Buenos Aires
pDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne
qSchool of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
rDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
sSchool of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
tDepartment of Public Health, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
uDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
vDepartment of Environmental Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
wInstitute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
xDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
yCenter for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
zSanté Publique France, Department of Environmental Health, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France
aaDepartment of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
bbInstitute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
ccDepartment of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
ddEnvironmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
eeFaculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar Khorasan Razavi, Iran
ffTechnological University Dublin, Ireland
ggInstitute for the Environment, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
hhDepartment of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
iiDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
jjDepartment of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
kkNational Agency for Public Health of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection of the Republic of Moldova
llNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Sustainability and Environmental Health, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
mmNorwegian institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
nnInstitute of Tropical Medicine “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
ooDepartment of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo, Lisboa
ppEPIUnit, Instituto de Sa√∫de P√∫blica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
qqFaculty of Geography, Babes-Bolay University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
rrGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta
ssDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
ttDepartment of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
uuSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
vvUniversity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
wwEnvironmental and Occupational Medicine, and Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University (NTU) and NTU Hospital, Taipei
xxNational Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
yyDepartment of Quantitative Methods, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
zzDepartment of Public Health Environments and Society
aaaCentre for Statistical Methodology
bbbCentre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Received: 11 January 2021; Accepted 2 August 2021
Published online 24 September 2021
A.T. and M.H. are co-first authors of this article.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this report.
A.T. was supported by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Invitational Fellowships for Research in Japan (S18149). Y.H. and M.H. were supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-14) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. F.S. and A.G. were supported by the Medical Research Council-UK (Grant ID: MR/R013349/1), the Natural Environment Research Council UK (Grant ID: NE/R009384/1), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Project Exhaustion (Grant ID: 820655). J.M. was supported by a fellowship of the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/ BPD/115112/2016). N.S. was supported by the NIEHS-funded HERCULES Center (P30ES019776).
Data have been collected within the MCC (Multi-City Multi-Country) Collaborative Research Network (https://mccstudy.lshtm.ac.uk/) under a data sharing agreement and cannot be made publicly available. The R code for the analysis is available from the first author.
Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.environepidem.com).
*Corresponding Author. Address: Aurelio Tobías, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] (A. Tobias).
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