We provide experimental observations of rupture nucleation on a periodically heterogeneous interface in mode II

We observe in some cases an alternation of fast and slow rupture episodes correlated to the position of the heterogeneity

Despite the rupture velocity changes at small scale, the nucleation is a globally accelerating process at larger scale

We constrained the Fe isotope fractionation factor for the silicate mantle up to 30 GPa using a bulk silicate Earth composition

We present a holistic Fe isotope fractionation model for core formation considering pressure, temperature, composition, and redox state

Our model shows that core formation can cause the mantle of small planetary bodies to be light in Fe isotopes, but heavy for that of Earth

Precipitation timing, phase, and isotopic value dominate meltwater inputs. Fractionation accounts for less than 25% total enrichment

The most depleted isotopic water inputs occur in the upper subalpine where snow accumulation is high and rainfall is low

Deep snowpack and shading of conifer forests limit the influence of vapor loss on snowmelt

We apply a multi-array 3D back-projection to image the rupture process of the 2021 Mw 7.3 East Cape earthquake

Our results reveal a bilateral rupture predominantly propagating upward from 70 km and a triggered rupture at ∼ 10 km

The deep rupture is in the mantle of the subducting Pacific plate, which is possibly related to a delaminating lower crust

Atmospheric turbulence over the winter North Atlantic exhibits a pronounced tropopause-following behavior

Tropopause-based mapping sorts turbulence diagnostics by atmospheric layer and reveals distinct features in the vertical distribution

Turbulence occurs comparatively frequently in the layer which is colocated to the chemical transition between troposphere and stratosphere

A subtropical continent shifts the opposite-hemisphere summer monsoon seasonality forward

The anomalous high pressure drives cross-equatorial flow, which premoistens and promotes monsoon onset

The critical latitude of the continent to activate this modulation is ∼25 degrees from equator

We see distinct phase arrivals in the ionosphere for a supersonic wave, Lamb wave, and tsunami (the latter is validated by ocean sensors)

Phase arrivals begin to separate at ∼1000 km from Tonga and are fully separated by ∼2200 km

We highlight a faster disturbance that propagates one hour post-eruption and meets the tsunami perturbation ∼3000 km from the volcano

The 2004-2020 observed AMOC trend is not significant relative to CMIP6 model natural variability

CMIP6 models largely disagree on AMOC variability, including at decadal and longer periods

It is periods longer than the observational window that set AMOC trend detectability thresholds

Dynamical prediction skills of the summer precipitation over TP are regionally dependent in NMME, with higher skill in the southwestern TP

Ability of the models in reproducing the Pacific SST-precipitation relation is highly responsible for the southwest-TP prediction skills

Prediction skills vary with the observational datasets and their mean tends to provide the highest skill scores over the southwestern TP

Sound speed derived temperature is used to study the microscale turbulence at an unprecedented short response time

Air temperature experiences fluctuations as high as ±7 K/s, which has never been reported in situ, nor resolved by mesoscale atmospheric models

Sonic temperature fluctuations follow the daytime turbulence pattern and find their origin in complex surface-atmosphere interactions