A Deep learning model is developed to extract balanced motions from sea surface height snapshot based on a realistic simulation

Diagnostics of three metrics reveal the effectiveness of the model in extracting balanced motions

The model exhibits remarkable advantages over the Gaussian filter (baseline) in capturing the gradient and Laplacian information

Strong and rapid decrease in VLF amplitude in October

Spring-fall asymmetry in VLF amplitude and lower mesospheric temperature

Asymmetry only at daytime VLF reflection height

Subsurface temperature variability is simulated in a narrow fjord network using regional models downscaled from a global state estimate

Modeled increases in ocean melt at Daugaard-Jensen glacier coincide with the onset of acceleration in 2005 and retreat and thinning in 2011

Model variations in shelf-to-fjord ocean properties match with observations, providing a basis to estimate ocean forcing in ice projections

A platform to evaluate absolute nanoscale topographic measurements of a crystal sample subject to dissolution/precipitation is designed

The associated spatially heterogeneous fields of absolute material fluxes across the surface are evaluated

Reaction rates are described through a stochastic framework encapsulating behaviors of surface features driving dissolution processes

The cloud radiative effect (CRE) of two successive contrail-cirrus outbreaks is estimated from geostationary satellite measurements

These two outbreaks have different CRE sign and magnitude, which can be explained by their different cloud properties and time evolutions

The study suggests that automated quantification of contrail-cirrus CRE for monitoring or verification of contrail avoidance is feasible

Silver iodide (AgI) containing cloud-seeding aerosols exhibit comparable ice-forming abilities to pure AgI at sizes of 200 and 400 nm

Non-AgI impurities produced from flare burning decrease the ice nucleation ability of particles smaller than 90 nm

A new parameterization is presented to estimate the minimum mass of AgI particles required to maximize glaciogenic seeding

Higher O₃-concentration leads to a larger decease in water contact angle for organic-lean soot without changing the soot porosity

The decrease in soot-water contact angle from O₃-aging produces an ice nucleation enhancement for organic-lean soot via PCF at T < 233 K

O₃-aged organic-rich soot freezes homogeneously at bulk droplet conditions despite increased hydrophilicity due to unavailable pores