Drivers of air quality variation can be differentiated and interpreted based on their periodic patterns and powers

Yearly recurring winter heating-related activities account for the most significant variation in primary air pollutants in northern Chinese cities

The varying power of periodic drivers over time and locations emphasizes the heterogeneity of emission rates and region-specific climates

An objective tracking method for easterly waves reveals more regional variability in associated precipitation than space-time filtering

Easterly waves account for at most 30% of total annual precipitation in regions where they commonly occur and 1%–5% over much of the tropics

Reanalysis data underestimates the importance and percent contribution of tropical easterly wave precipitation compared to observations

A method for evaluation of climate models over the PNW using a combination of global and regional metrics has been developed

This allows for a reduced envelope of ESMs for impact applications without significantly affecting the future trend projections

We evaluate the impacts of the non-scale-aware and scale-aware convective parameterization scheme (CPS) in the gray-zone using the Weather Research and Forecasting

The precipitation forecast performance of CPS depends on the type of heavy rainfall event (HRE) and environmental conditions

The scale-aware CPS in the gray-zone can provide more accurate precipitation forecasts regardless of the environmental condition of the HREs

The low residual oxygen isotope values of coral strongly respond to tropical cyclones in the South China Sea

Excluding temperature, we reconstruct tropical cyclone activities in the South China Sea over the past century using coral oxygen isotopes

Pacific Decadal Oscillation modulates tropical cyclones in the South China Sea over the past century

Ground-based in-situ and remote sensing measurements can be used to classify the prevailing fog types

Model predicts Delhi's radiation fog well, and assimilating fine-gridded soil data may improve onset error further

Same model configuration has limitations in simulating non-radiation fog, despite assimilation of fine-gridded soil states

Uplifted by cold fronts, the temperature-sensitive NH₄NO₃ forms in the upper BL and dissociates in the lower BL

(NH₄)₂SO₄ forms in the whole BL because it is highly thermally stable and impervious to dissociation

The differences in thermostability and lifetime result in local sources being dominant for NH₄NO₃, while upstream sources dominate for (NH₄)₂SO₄

The long-term variabilities in arctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere winds in response to potential climate forcings have been investigated for 1999–2022 over Esrange

The variability in U and V significantly correlated with O₃ in winter and early spring, and with CO₂ in summer based on altitude

The interannual variability in U and V is found to vary with altitude and month or season

The two La Niña decaying summers in 2021 and 2022 see nearly opposite precipitation patterns in Yangtze River valley

Synergistic effect of cold Niño4 region and warm Barents Sea is the essential cause for the extreme summer drought in Yangtze River valley

Indian monsoon precipitation plays a relaying role in linking the SST forcing and the Yangtze River valley precipitation via teleconnection

Inter-comparison between statistical forecasts reveals the dominant superiority of direct strategy in short-term wind speed forecasting

Random Forest and Support Vector Machines utilizing the direct strategy are more skilled than other statistical forecasts and bias-correction of numerical forecasts

The statistical ensemble shows a substantial under-dispersed prediction, which is sort of mitigated using traditional ensemble model output statistics post-processing