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• Schauer, P. Extended Algorithm for Simulation of Light Transport in Single Crystal Scintillation Detectors for S(T)EM., Scanning, 29 No.6 (2007), 249-253.
  Abstrakt:
  The new extended Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method for photon transport in S(T)EM back scattered electron (BSE) scintillation detection systems of various shapes is presented in this paper. The method makes use of the random generation of photon emission from a scintillator luminescent centre and describes the trajectory of photons and the efficiency of their transport toward the photocathode of the photomultiplier tube. The paper explains a new algorithm for determining the position of interaction of the photon with the surface of the single crystal scintillator or of the light guide with nearly arbitrary shapes. Some examples of the utilization of the simulation method are also included, and conclusions for very simple edge-guided signal (EGS) scintillation detection systems made. The computer optimized design of the BSE scintillation detector for the S 4000 Hitachi SEM was chosen to demonstrate the capability of this MC simulation method.
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• Horák, P.; Schauer, P.: Cathodoluminescence as a method for the study of degradation of polysilanes. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B - Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 252 No.2 (2006), 303-307.
  Abstrakt:
  The paper presents a unique cathodoluminescent (CL) method suitable for studying polysilane properties and the first CL characteristics of the material being investigated. Poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene] (PMPSi) was selected as a typical representative of polysilanes. The PMPSi study is based on the measurement of the intensity of CL emission after passing through the specimen. The major problem of this study is the susceptibility of the material being investigated to the degradation by electron beam. PMPSi degradation strongly decreases the CL intensity. Therefore, detection in the synchronous mode was used to eliminate the influence of the background and of the noise. It was found that the degradation process is partly reversible. A partial recovery of intensity was attributed to reverse recombination reactions of silyl radicals in a vacuum after 20 h of annealing at room temperature. Understanding of the physical and chemical mechanisms of the degradation and of the reversible process of the PMPSi CL emission is interesting for science as well as the application (e.g. resist in electron beam lithography or molecular scale electronic devices).
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• Schauer, P.; Nešpůrek, S.; Schauer, F.; Autrata, R.: Optimization of Poly-(Methylphenylsilylene) Specimens for Cathodoluminescence Measurement. Microscopy and Microanalysis 9 [Sup. 3] (2003) p.156-157.
  Úvod:
  Two possibilities of photon collection from the luminescence centra can be applied at cathodoluminescence (CL) measurement of transparent specimens. The CL emission can be collected both from the side of excitation and substrate using a lens and a light guide, respectively. To choose the better alternative, one has to study optical properties and electron-interactive volumes of specimen materials. Based on this knowledge, optimized geometry, dimension and arrangement of the specimen can be designed. The object of our interest was the CL study of Poly-(Methylphenylsilylene), i.e. PMPhSi, which is an interesting material both from the application and the basic research point of view. The PMPhSi was prepared by the Wurtz coupling polymerization [1]. The low-molecular weight fractions were extracted with boiling diethyl ether. The layers for the CL measurements were prepared from a toluene solution by casting on quartz disk substrates.
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• Schauer, P.; Nešpůrek, S.; Schauer, F.; Autrata, R.: Cathodoluminescence Study of Silicon Polymers., Fine Mechanics and Optics, 48 (2003), 156-157.
  Abstrakt:
  First steps of cathodoluminescence (CL) study of metastable states in poly-(methylphenylsilylene), i.e. PMPhSi are presented in this paper. Besides the explanation of the experimental setup, the attention is paid to the specimen optimization. The degradation of the CL emission as a result of the formation of metastable states is shown.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Performance of Detector Elements for Electron Microscopes., Fine Mechanics and Optics, 45 (2000), 268-270.
  Abstrakt:
  Signal processing in scanning and transmission electron microscopes is analysed in this paper. Distinguished are criteria of principal and commercial significance, and problematic parameters of different systems are highlighted. The most important properties of scintillation detection systems and imaging screens are discussed more in detail. For the scintillation detector, the analysis of conversion of the signal to photons, their transport from emission centres to PMT photocathode, and their conversion to photoelectrons is carried out. For the imaging screen, attention is focussed on the spectral matching and spatial resolution.
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• Yamamoto, K.; Takayoshi, T.; Hibino, M.; Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Improvement of Light Collection Efficiency of Lens-Coupled YAG Screen TV System for a High-Voltage Electron Microscope., Microsc. Res. Technique, 49 (2000), 596-604.
  Abstrakt:
  A new lens coupling television (TV) system using a YAG (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet: Y3Al5O12: Ce3+) single crystal screen has been developed for a high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM), and its performance is examined. The system, using a combination of YAG and lenses, is less damaged by high-energy electron irradiation and reduces the influence of X-rays on the image. YAG screens have not been used for lens-coupling systems, because the high refractive index (n = 1.84) of YAG results in a low light collection efficiency for emitted light. This disadvantage is overcome by combining a thin YAG disk screen (thickness; 100 mu m) with a glass hemisphere whose refractive index is 1.81. We found that the light intensity is almost the same as that obtained with a conventional P22 powder screen and lenses system. The resolution is about 55 mu m on the YAG screen, and this value is 1.3 times higher than that measured by the conventional system. Shading and distortion do not affect TV observation. Detection quantum efficiency, obtained after correction of the channel mixing effect, is about 0.1.

• Handlir, R.; Schauer, F.; Nespurek, S.; Kuritka, I.; Weiter, M.; Schauer, P.: Metastable States in Poly(methylphenylsilylene) Induced by UV Radiation and Electron Beam., J. Non-Crystalline Solids, 230 (1998), 669-672.
  Abstrakt:
  We have examined and measured the density of states (DOS) in a prototypical poly(silylene)-poly(methylphenylsilylene) (PMPSi) using the method of post-transit hole emission signals from traps using the time of flight (TOF) photoconductivity method, The main goal of our measurements was to correlate the metastable states produced both by UV radiation and electron beam and to determine their basic parameters as to their energies and susceptibility for annealing. In the course of measurements we discovered in accordance with our previous observations the fully reversible states around and deeper than 0.55 eV.

• Autrata, R.; Hutař, O.; Schauer, P.: Low Voltage Single Crystal Backscatter Electron Detectors., J. Computer Assisted Microsc., 9 (1997), 105-106.
  Úvod:
  High efficiency BSE detection can be carried out using solid-state detectors, microchannel-plate detectors and scintillation detectors of different geometrical configurations. At higher beam voltages, all these detectors show sufficient efficiency. Nevertheless, if the highest possible resolution or ultrahigh resolution, depending on the signal to noise ratio are to be achieved, scintillation detectors are preferred despite their complex construction.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Scintillator-Photocathode Matching in Scintillation Detector for S(T)EM., J. Computer Assisted Microsc., 9 (1997), 119-120.
  Úvod:
  Besides the decay time, the efficiency is the most important parameter of a scintillation detector for a scanning electron microscope and/or a scanning transmission electron microscope - S(T)EM. Much attention has been paid to the examination of the energy conversion efficiency in scintillators (Autrata and Schauer 1996). The study of the efficiency of the light transport from scintillator luminescence centres through a light guide to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) has been accomplished too (Schauer and Autrata 1992). But nearly no effort has been devoted to the analysis of the scintillator-photocathode spectral matching. Such an analysis is the topic of this paper.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Inquiry of Detector Components for Electron Microscopy., Fine Mechanics and Optics, 42 (1997), 332-334.
  Abstrakt:
  Cathodoluminescent experimental methods for the measurement of efficiencies, emission spectra and decay times of scintillators and imaging screens are presented. Pointed out are light-guiding Monte Carlo simulation methods for efficiency optimization of scintillation detection systems. Finally, sharp edge projection and Monte Carlo methods for the measurement and for the simulation of the spatial resolution of imaging screens, respectively, are described.
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• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Cathodoluminescent Properties of Single Crystal Materials for Elecron Microscopy., Scanning Microscopy (Supplement), 9 (1996), 1-12.
  Abstrakt:
  The results of measurements of cathodoluminescence efficiencies, decay characteristics and emission spectra of YAG:Ce, YAP:Ce, P47 (Y2SiO5:Ce) and CaF2:Eu single crystals at excitation by electrons with an energy of 10 keV and a current density of the order of 10-8 Acm-2 are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the individual single crystals intended for application in electron microscopes are dealt with. Attention is paid to the PMT matching, degradation and afterglow of the mentioned single crystals. For YAG:Ce, the effect of the activator concentration of crystals and the effect of the cleaning and annealing of crystal plates are included. The proposal for the application of YAG:Ce as a scintillator and as an image screen in electron microscopy is given. Sizes of electron interaction areas and absorbed energy distributions are simulated by using Monte Carlo method based on the plural large angle elastic scattering. Cathodoluminescence widths of YAG:Ce single crystals for an impact electron in the energy range 10 - 100 keV are estimated.

• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Ansammlung der Niederenergie-Signalelektronen im rotationssymmetrischen elektrostatischen Feld des Detektors., Optik (Supplement), 94 (1993), 26.

• Hibino, M.; Irie, K.; Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Characteristics of YAG Single Crystals for Electron Scintillators of SEM., J. Electron. Microsc., 41 (1992), 453-457.
  Abstrakt:
  Scintillators made of powder phosphor have been usually used for the detection of signal electrons in SEM and STEM. Single crystals of YAG, developed and applied to scintillators of SEM, were studied experimentally at the accelerating voltage of 100 kV and 1 MV for scintillators of STEM and sequential EELS. Measurements were carried out for the evaluation of scintillation characteristics of YAG single crystals and conventional powder phosphors on the light intensity guided to a photomultiplier tube, resistance to electron irradiation, spatial uniformity in light intensity and the afterglow in the seconds to minutes range. The characteristics of YAG single crystals were found to be preferable to those of powder phosphors at 1 00 kV and 1 MV.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Light Transport in Single-Crystal Scintillation Detectors in SEM., Scanning, 14 (1992), 325-333.
  Abstrakt:
  A Monte Carlo simulation method was developed to determine the efficiency of photon transport through a modified rotationally symmetric Everhart-Thornley detector. The method makes use of the random generation of photon emission from a luminescent centre and describes the trajectory of photons and the efficiency of their transport toward the photocathode of the photo-multiplier tube. The model includes photon generation in a point source, mirror reflection by a metal-coated surface, Fresnel reflection by a metal-uncoated surface, Fresnel passage through the boundary of different materials, diffusion reflection, and passage through a matted surface and optical absorption in material. For the simulation, an IBM-PC-compatible program was written and applied to detection systems with disc, conical, and hemispherical YAG:Ce single-crystal scintillators with cylindrical or tapered light guides or without any light guide. The model was verified by measuring the efficiency of detection systems excited by the primary electron beam in the line-scan SEM mode.

• Autrata R., Schauer P.: Monokrystalická stínítka pro převadeč nízkoenergiového elektronového obrazu., Jemná Mech. Opt., 36 (1991), 133-138.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jos.: Die Anwendung der Einkristall-Scintillatoren und Sichtschrime in Elektronenmikroskopen., Beitr. Elektronenmikroskop. Direktabb. Oberfl., 18 (1985), 97.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Jos., Kvapil Ji.: Single crystal aluminates - a new generation of scintillators in SEM and transparent screens in electron optical devices., Scanning Electron Microsc., (1983), 489-500.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jos.: Cathodoluminescence efficiency of Y3Al5O12 and YAlO3 single crystal in dependence on Ce3+ and other dopants concentrations., Cryst. Res. Technol., 18 (1983), 907.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jos.: A Single crystal of YAlO3:Ce3+ as a fast scintillator in SEM., Scanning, 5 (1983), 91-96.

• Kvapil Ji., Perner B., Kvapil Jos., Manek B., Kubelka J., Blazek K., Autrata R., Schauer P., Vitamvas Z.: Spectral properties of oxide crystals free of iron ions., Cryst. Res. Technol., 17 (1982), 885.

• Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jos., Manek B., Perner B., Autrata R., Schauer P.: Czochralski growth of YAG:Ce in reducing protective atmosphere., J. Cryst. Growth, 52 (1981), 542.

• Kvapil Jos., Kvapil Ji., Blazek K., Zikmund J., Autrata R.,Schauer P.: The luminescence efficiency of YAG:Ce phosphors., Czech. J. Phys. B, 30 (1980), 185.

• Schauer P., Autrata R.: Electro-optical properties of a scintillation detector in SEM., J. Microsc. Spectrosc. Electron., 4 (1979), 633.

• Autrata R., Schauer P.: Optoelektronika v elektronové mikroskopii., Slaboproudý obz., 39 (1978), 472.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Jos., Kvapil Ji.: A single crystal of YAG:Ce - new fast scintillator in SEM., J. Phys E: Sci. Instrum., 11 (1978), 707.

• Autrata R., Schauer P.: Scintilátory pro rastrovací elektronový mikroskop., Slaboproudý obz., 38 (1977), 511.
  Abstrakt:
  Článek je věnován přehledu nejdůležitějších parametrů scintilačních látek, vhodných pro použití v rastrovací elektronové mikroskopii, se zvláštním zřetelem na scintilátory pro rastrovací elektronovou mikroskopii s autoemisní tryskou. Zabývá se přehledem a srovnáním současného stavu scintilačních látek vlastní výroby a přináší první zmínku o nově vyvinutém scintilátoru - monokrystalu ytrium hliníkového granátu. Cílem je podat základní informaci uživatelům elektronově mikroskopických zařízení při aplikaci scintilačních látek.
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• Žák J., Schauer P.: Stanovení termofyzikálních vlastností brambor metodou impulsně působícího přímkového zdroje tepla., Zemědělská technika, 22 (1976), 23.

• Schauer P.: Napěťová závislost kapacity anodicky oxidovaného systému Al-Al2O3-Al., Cs. cas. fys. A, 21 (1971), 257.

• Schauer, P.; Horak, P.; Schauer, F.; Kuritka, I.; Nespurek, S. Study of degradation and regeneration of silicon polymers using cathodoluminescence. EMC 2008 - 14th European Microscopy Congress, Aachen, Germany Sept 2008, Proceedings/Vol. 2, p.789-790.
  Abstrakt:
  Silicon polymers are widely studied materials in recent years, because they show very promising properties for the application in electronics. Their properties such as phase of matter, thermochromism, piezochromism, semiconductivity, photoreactivity, light emission and optical nonlinearity, have become very interesting. Our interest has been focused on the group of polysilanes (often also called polysilylenes), especially on poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene] (PMPhSi), having linear backbone of linked silicon atoms. Cathodoluminescence (CL) degradation and regeneration of PMPhSi are presented in this paper.
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• Horák, P.; Kuřitka, I.; Schauer, P.; Schauer, F.; Sáha, P. Mechanism of poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene] e-beam degradation. 3rd European Weathering Symposium Natural and Arteficial Ageing of Polymers, Krakow Sept 2007, Proceedings, p.97-107.
  Abstrakt:
  The susceptibility to material degradation is a characteristic property of polysilylenes (PSi). PSi are degradable for example by ultraviolet (UV) radiation or by electron beam (EB). The degradation of the material decreases intensity of luminescence, which impedes the utilization of PSi as an active emissive layer in organic light emitting diodes. Poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene] (PMPSi) was selected as a typical representative of PSi. A cathodoluminescent (CL) device developed in our laboratory was used for integral and spectral study of PMPSi. CL spectrum of PMPSi corresponds to photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum of the same material. UV emission decreases rapidly with the degradation, whereas visible one remains nearly stable during EB irradiation. The UV emission is related to the silicon (Si) backbone. The visible emission is related to the existence of weak bonds (WBs) and other defects on Si backbone. Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy was used to identify material changes caused by the EB degradation. IR spectra of PMPSi support the idea of Si-Si bonds deformation in the main chain of the material during the EB degradation. EB irradiation of PMPSi leads to the creation of WBs in early stages of the degradation followed by the creation of dangling bonds (DBs). DBs are proved by new absorption bands in IR spectra after exposure of EB degraded PMPSi to air and moisture. PMPSi degradation by EB corresponds to PMPSi degradation by low energy photon UV radiation (355 nm). The result indicates the same or very similar mechanism of the material degradation. According to the CL study, PMPSi with the susceptibility to EB degradation seems to be applicable as a resist in EB lithography.

• Schauer, P. Enhancement of single crystal scintillators for scintillation detectors in S(T)EM. 8th Multinational Congress on Microscopy, Prague, Czech Rep. June 2007, Proceedings, p.105-106.
  Úvod:
  Scintillator is a problematic part of any scintillation detector for S(T)EM. The reason lies in its decay time and especially in its afterglow, which deteriorate the ability to transfer image contrast. In other words, a slow scintillator causes a bad modulation transfer function (MTF) of the whole detector. If a series of alternating white and black points is transferred using such a scintillator, the image is somewhat degraded at the typical S(T)EM spatial frequency. To enhance the MTF of the detector, the kinetics of the cathodoluminescence (CL) of many single crystal scintillators has been studied at our laboratory. Some results concerning single crystals of cerium-activated yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce) and cerium-activated yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAP:Ce) are presented in this paper.
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• Horák, P.; Schauer, P. Analysis of electron beam degraded poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene]. 8th Multinational Congress on Microscopy, Prague, Czech Rep. June 2007, Proceedings, p.257-258.
  Úvod:
  Polysilanes (PSi) [1] are a broad class of organic materials whose basic building block is a chain built up of silicon. The susceptibility to material degradation is a characteristic property of PSi. PSi are degradable for example by ultraviolet (UV) radiation [2] or by electron beam (EB) [3]. The degradation of the material decreases intensity of luminescence. Poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene] (PMPSi) was selected as a typical representative of PSi.
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• Horák, P.; Schauer, P.: Effect of Electron Beam on Poly[Methyl(Phenyl)Silylene]. Mikroskopie 2006, Nové Město na Moravě, February 2006, Proceedings, p.33.
  Úvod:
  The study of the properties of poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene] (PMPSi) was based on the measurement of intensity of the cathodoluminescent (CL) emission after passing through the specimen. The study of the PMPSi properties using the CL method is complicated by the material degradation characterized by the fall of the CL intensity. Therefore, the measurement in the synchronous mode was used to eliminate the influence of the background and of the noise. At the excitation energy of 10 keV the irradiation time dependence of the PMPSi CL intensity was measured for the different electron beam current densities. For the highest current density, both the strongest intensity and the fastest fall have been observed. The speed of degradation depends on the irradiation time as well as on the current density of the excitation beam. The effect mentioned impedes the utilization of PMPSi as a detecting or signalizing element. On the other hand, the degradation of PMPSi could be utilized in electron lithography.
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• Schauer, F.; Kuřitka, I.; Zemek, J.; Horák, P.; Schauer, P.; Sáha, P.: Polysilanes for Nanorezists: Photoelecton Spectroscopy, UV and Electron Beam Degradation. 5th Int. Conference - Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces, Smolenice , Slovak Republic, November 19-24, 2006, (Edited and Published by Institute of Physics, SAS, Nov. 2006), p. 83.

• Schauer, P.: Decay Time Optimization of YAG:Ce Scintillator for S(T)EM Electron Detector. IMC 16 - 16th International Microscopy Congress, Sapporo, Japan, September, 2006, Proceedings/Vol. 2, p.665.
  Úvod:
  The process of optimization of a scintillation electron detector for S(T)EM offers many options such as the optimization of electron collection, electron-photon conversion, photon collection, as well as of photon-electron conversion. In addition to the electron-photon conversion efficiency and to the photon transport efficiency, also kinetic properties of a scintillator are of great importance in an Everhart-Thornley scintillation detection system. This is because the decay time of the scintillator strongly influences the detective quantum efficiency (DQE), which is the most important criterion of quality of the whole detector. If the detector is to suit the TV rates, the decay time of the scintillator must be shorter than 100 ns. Kinetic properties of many single crystal scintillators were measured at our laboratory, and single crystals of YAG:Ce, YAP:Ce, and P47 were chosen as the most interesting ones for electron microscope detectors. Of the crystals mentioned, the YAG:Ce is the cheapest one and so its usage is widespread. However, its decay time is often longer than 100 ns, and moreover, its decay characteristic is multi-exponential with afterglow of 2 % at 5 µs after the end of excitation. Two possibilities of decay characteristic optimization of YAG:Ce single crystals are presented in this paper.
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• Schauer, P.: Decay Kinetics of Scintillation Crystals for SEM Electron Detectors. 10th Inter. Seminar on Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Skalský Dvůr (Brno) May 2006, Proceedings, p.63-64.
  Úvod:
  The principal quantities of image quality in SEM are contrast, spatial resolution, and noise. However, to quantify the overall performance of an imaging system, the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is a better tool as it includes both the modulation transfer function and the noise power spectrum. This means that for a detector to have high DQE, it should possess not only high efficiency and low noise, but also good kinetic properties. A study of the decay kinetics of some single crystal scintillators for SEM is presented in this paper.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Extended Algorithm for Optimization of Photon Transport in Scintillation Detector. Dreiländertagung Microscopy Conference 2005, Davos, Switzerland Aug 2005, Proceedings, p.55.
  Úvod:
  To avoid inefficiency and inhomogeneity of BSE scintillation detection systems, efficient transport of photons from luminescent centres in a scintillator to a photocathode of a photomultiplier tube must be provided. Optimization of the photon transport of a rotationally symmetric Everhart-Thornley detector is quite a feasible task, because a code for the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is based on the system geometry which is a function of one variable coordinate. For such a rotationally symmetric detection system the previous MC code Scintil [1] was developed in our laboratory. The Scintil code includes photon generation in a point source, mirror reflection by a metal coated surface, Fresnel reflection by a metal uncoated surface, Fresnel passage through the boundary of different materials, diffusion reflection and passage through a matted surface and optical absorption in material.
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• Horák, P.; Schauer, P.: Degradation of Poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene] cathodoluminescence. 2nd European Weathering Symposium - Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers, Gothenburg, Sweden June 2005, Proceedings, p.311-319. The study of the properties of Poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene] (PMPSi) was based on the measurement of intensity of the cathodoluminescent (CL) emission after passing through the specimen. The major problem of the study is the susceptibility of the material investigated to the degradation by electron beam. PMPSi degradation strongly decreases the CL intensity (to 40% after five minutes from the beginning of the excitation). Therefore, the measurement in the synchronous mode was used to eliminate the influence of the background and of the noise. An interaction of electrons with PMPSi causes the progressive scission of weak Si - Si bonds in the main chain of the material and leads to the formation of silyl radicals. A series of subsequent reactions of the radicals is possible, which complicates the process of degradation. It was found that the degradation process is partly reversible. A partial recovery of intensity was attributed to reverse recombination reactions of silyl radicals under the conditions of vacuum after 20 hours annealing at room temperature. Understanding of the physical and chemical mechanism of degradation and of the reversible process of the PMPSi CL emission is interesting from both scientific and application point of view.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Monte Carlo Simulation Code for Photon Collection in S(T)EM Scintillation Detectors. 7th Multinational Congress on Microscopy, Portoroz, Slovenia June 2005, Proceedings, p.199-200.
  Úvod:
  The inefficient collection of photons emitted from luminescent centres in a scintillation detector of electrons is a frequent cause of poor S(T)EM images, particularly in the BSE image mode. In such cases, edge guided signal (EGS) scintillation systems utilising a signal from the side of a scintillator, and having a complicated geometry, are often used. The best way of avoiding the light-guiding problems of these systems is Monte Carlo (MC) simulation optimisation for signal photon collection. Unfortunately, the previous code SCINTIL [1] developed in our laboratory was built using an algorithm for rotationally symmetric systems where a function of one variable coordinate was used. Therefore, the extended code SCIUNI, intended for practically any geometry, has been written and its features are presented in this paper.
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• Horák, P.; Schauer, P.: Detekce slabé katodoluminiscence. Mikroskopie 2005, Nové Město na Moravě, únor 2005, Sborník, p.36.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Optimization of scintillation detector for SEM. EMC 2004 - 13th European Microscopy Congress, Antwerp, Belgium Aug 2004, Proceedings/Vol. I, p.69-70.
  Úvod:
  Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is the best quantity for characterisation of the detector quality. Unfortunately, low DQE of a poor detector gives nearly no information about the limiting component. To enhance the bad scintillation detector, one has to divide its performance into particular events. Electron collection, photon generation, escape from scintillator, coupling to light-guide, losses in light-guide, photoelectron generation, as well as collection and multiplication in a photomultiplier tube (PMT) are the most significant events in the scintillation detector for SEM. To analyse these events and optimise the detector, a lot of important quantities of detector components (such as conversion efficiency, decay time, intrinsic noise and optical reflectivity, transmittance and matching) must be known. Thereafter, properties of each component can be calculated from individual quantities, and properties of the whole detector can be determined using a convolution.
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• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Nanoresolution BSE images created using a new type of YAG II scintillator. EMC 2004 - 13th European Microscopy Congress, Antwerp, Belgium Aug 2004, Proceedings/Vol. I, p.75-76.
  Úvod:
  Detection of backscattered electrons (BSE) in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) serves as an auxiliary method in the study of surfaces and composition of materials. Backscattered electrons have properties that are different from those of usually used secondary electrons. The achievement of the theoretical limit of resolution (0.6 – 0.8 nm for SE and 0.9 nm for BSE) depends not only on the properties of the electron source, properties of electron optics, specimen preparation technique, type of electrons, but also on the detection system efficiency.
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• Schneider, L.; Jirák, J.; Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Dependence of contrast on pressure using segmental ionization detector in environmental SEM. EMC 2004 - 13th European Microscopy Congress, Antwerp, Belgium Aug 2004, Proceedings/Vol. I, p.341-342.
  Úvod:
  Ionization detector is often used for the detection of signal electrons in environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). This detector is based on the principle of signal electron amplification by the process of impact ionization in the specimen chamber with gaseous environment. The grounded specimen forms one electrode of the parallel electrode detection system [1]. The second electrode is placed above the specimen, and it is connected to the appropriate potential that causes impact ionization of secondary electrons. A hole in the upper electrode allows primary electrons to pass to the specimen and this electrode also detects amplified signal electrons.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Experimental and simulative methods for scintillation detector optimization. 9th Inter. Seminar on Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Skalský Dvůr (Brno) July 2004, Proceedings, p.67-68.
  Úvod:
  In S(T)EM an image is formed using a focused electron beam, which is scanning across a very small part of the specimen surface. A scintillation detection system consisting of a scintillator, light-guide and photomultiplier (PMT) processes only one pixel of the image at any given moment. Not only efficiency, but also kinetic properties of such a system are of great importance. Scintillation detectors can show a noticeable difference in detective quantum efficiency (DQE) due to the bad electron-photon energy conversion and/or light losses in the optical part of the detector. Up to now, some studies were engaged in measurement of S(T)EM detectors performance ascertaining very low DQE for some detectors, but no suggestion has been made to optimize the detector set-up. To find the neck of a detection system, one must examine the whole detection path (Figure 1) step by step.
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• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.; Wandrol P.: New type of YAG-II scintillator for nanoresolution BSE imaging in SEM. 9th Inter. Seminar on Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Skalský Dvůr (Brno) July 2004, Proceedings, p.11-12.

• Horák, P.; Schauer, P.: Cathodoluminescence of polysilanes. 9th Inter. Seminar on Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Skalský Dvůr (Brno) July 2004, Proceedings, p.31-32.
  Úvod:
  Polysilanes - a broad class of organic materials whose basic building block is a chain built up of silicon substituted by alkyl or aryl groups. Properties of these substituents significantly affect properties of polysilanes. This material is very interesting because of its chemical, electrical and optical properties [1]. In spite of great research interest in recent years cathodoluminescent (CL) properties of polysilanes were not yet studied. Poly[methyl(phenyl) silane] (PMPhSi) is a typical representative of polysilanes which was prepared by the Wurtz coupling polymerization. Thin layers of PMPhSi were prepared from toluene solution by a spin coating technique [2]. The material was applied on the quartz glass substrate and covered with the aluminium (Al) film. The Al film protected the specimen from charging and reflected photons emitted under the specimen surface towards the quartz glass substrate.
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• Horák, P.; Schauer, P.: Studium katodoluminiscenčních vlastností polysilanů. Mikroskopie 2004, Nové Město na Moravě, březen 2004, Sborník, s.25.

• Schauer, P.; Nešpůrek, S.; Schauer, F.; Autrata, R.: Optimization of Poly-(Methylphenylsilylene) Specimens for Cathodoluminescence Measurement. Microscopy Conference 2003 (31st conference of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Elektronenmikroskopie), Dresden, Germany, September 2003, Proceedings, p.156-157.
  Úvod:
  Two possibilities of photon collection from the luminescence centra can be applied at cathodoluminescence (CL) measurement of transparent specimens. The CL emission can be collected both from the side of excitation and substrate using a lens and a light guide, respectively. To choose the better alternative, one has to study optical properties and electron-interactive volumes of specimen materials. Based on this knowledge, optimized geometry, dimension and arrangement of the specimen can be designed. The object of our interest was the CL study of Poly-(Methylphenylsilylene), i.e. PMPhSi, which is an interesting material both from the application and the basic research point of view. The PMPhSi was prepared by the Wurtz coupling polymerization [1]. The low-molecular weight fractions were extracted with boiling diethyl ether. The layers for the CL measurements were prepared from a toluene solution by casting on quartz disk substrates.
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• Schauer, P.; Nešpůrek, S.; Schauer, F.; Autrata, R.: Electron Beam Degradation Study of Silicon Polymers. 6th Multinational Congress on Microscopy, Pula, Croatia June 2003, Proceedings, p.205-206.
  Úvod:
  Excitation of organic molecules, polymers and molecular assemblies by electrons represents interesting phenomena from both the application (detectors on one side and electron resists on the other side) and the basic research point of view. The aim of this paper is to present the first steps of our cathodoluminescence (CL) study of the metastable states in poly-(methylphenylsilylene), i.e. PMPhSi.
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• Autrata, R.; Neděla, V.; Horký, D.; Schauer, P.: Comparison of Imaging with SE Ionisation and BSE Scintillation Detector in ESEM. 6th Multinational Congress on Microscopy, Pula, Croatia June 2003, Proceedings, p.487-488.
  Úvod:
  Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) or low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV SEM) enables the visualisation of samples in a gaseous environment at the pressure of the specimen chamber from 1 Pa to over 1000 Pa. Detection of signal electrons, namely secondary electrons (SES) cannot be realised in a gaseous environment of the specimen chamber in the same way as for the high vacuum SEM, because high voltage of the Everhart-Thornley detector is not compatible with the conductance of the low vacuum environment [1]. For this reason, gaseous ions which are ionised by SES from the specimen are used for the detection in ESEM. For the detection of the backscattered electrons (BSES), conventional scintillation detector is the best to use.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Experimental Setup for Cathodoluminescence Spectra Measurement. 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy (ICEM 15), Durban, South Africa Sep 2002, Proceedings, Vol. 3 - Interdisciplinary, p.337-338.
  Úvod:
  Scintillators and cathodoluminescent (CL) screens are typical imaging elements in electron microscopes. For their properties evaluation, for the study of new materials, or for the improvement of the original elements, one has to study CL emission spectra. In our laboratory the measurement equipment for the investigation of CL properties of solid specimens has been built. The excitation unit with the electrostatic deflection system is formed by the adapted electron microscope, the light collection part is made up using the bulk UV transmitting light guide, and the detection unit is formed by the fast and efficient photomultiplier tube (PMT). The CL properties of specimens shaped as slim disks can be measured in continuous or pulse modes. So the efficiency, emission spectrum and the rise and decay times can be investigated for 10 keV electron beams. Although the pulse mode was intended for the determination of kinetic properties, it can also be used with advantage for the measurement of emission spectra.
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• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: New Fast and Efficient YAP Scintillator for the Detection i SEM. 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy (ICEM 15), Durban, South Africa Sep 2002, Proceedings, Vol. 3 - Interdisciplinary, p.347-348.
  Úvod:
  Several types of detection system have been designed for detection of signal electrons in SEM. They differ in their components (scintillator – PMT systems, semiconductor systems, channel plate multiplier), in the detection material, geometrical configuration etc. Further, their use depends on the requirement for the detection of certain types of signal electrons (SE, BSE, TE). The energy of signal electrons and their angular distribution, propagation of electrons in the electrostatic or magnetic field, demands on resolution, time characteristics, noise properties and vacuum conditions are some further aspects which decide on the suitability of use of a specific detection in SEM. Comparably among these systems, the scintillation – PMT system, designed in 1960 by Everhart-Thorneley (1), still possesses the best signal to noise ratio and bandwidth characteristics.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Cathodoluminescence Spectra Measurement. 7th Inter. Seminar on Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Skalský Dvůr (Brno) Jul 2002, Proceedings, p.67-70.
  Úvod:
  In our laboratory the equipment for the investigation of cathodoluminescent (CL) properties of solid specimens has been built. The equipment is based on the completely rebuilt Tesla BS242 electron microscope, supplied by the light collection UV transmitting system, and by the fast and efficient photomultiplier tube (PMT) as the detection unit. The CL properties of specimens (slim disks) can be measured in continuous or pulse modes. So, in addition to the efficiency and decay times the emission spectra can be measured for 10 keV electron beams.
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• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Improvement of Single Crystal Scintillator Properties in SEM Detectors. 6th Inter. Seminar on Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Skalský Dvůr (Brno) Jul 2002, Proceedings, p.47-48.
  Úvod:
  Properties of the scintillation – PMT detection system in SEM depend on the properties of the scintillator and the light guide, for all. Efficient energy transfer electron-photon, very short decay time of luminescence and an efficient transfer of photons in the light guide to the photomultiplier are the decisive properties for the efficient detection system.
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• Schauer, P.; Vlček, I.; Autrata, R.: Improved Recording System for the Study of Single Crystal Imaging Screens. 5th Multinational Congress on Electron Microscopy, Lecce, Italy Sep 2001, Proceedings, p.533-534.
  Úvod:
  The progressive image recording system in transmission electron microscope (TEM) is the setup utilising the YAG:Ce single crystal imaging screen, a light optical device, and some recording unit enabling processing the resulting image using a personal computer (PC). For such an arrangement, the key role relates to the screen, that has to provide an image with minimum imperfections to obtain an acceptable result after the final magnification. Therefore, imaging capability, i.e. spatial resolution, striations, and other defects of single crystal screens must be studied very carefully.
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• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.; Jirak, J.: Detection of backscattered electrons for biological speciments study. 5th Multinational Congress on Electron Microscopy, Lecce, Italy Sep 2001, Proceedings, p.519-520.
  Úvod:
  Energy of backscattered electrons (BSEs) unlike energy of secondary electrons (SEs) is just little lower than primary electron beam energy. BSEs leave a specimen from a lower depth than SEs and they spread themselves forward to the space. They bring information especially about material character of a specimen expressed by atomic contrast. As a result of these properties BSE image is less exposed to charging artefacts of non-conductive specimens, smaller influence of contamination and lower overbrightness of edges. Under convenient operation conditions in SEM and at use of suitable preparation techniques, BSE image resolution can be comparable with SE image. BSE detection is an indispensable method for obtaining supplementary image information of material and biological research by SEM..
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Performance of Detector Elements for Electron Microscopes. 12th European Congress on Electron Microscopy, Brno, Czech Republic Jul 2000, Proceedings/Vol. 3, p.I 455.
  Abstrakt:
  Signal processing in scanning and transmission electron microscopes is analysed in this paper. Distinguished are criteria of principal and commercial significance, and problematic parameters of different systems are highlighted. The most important properties of scintillation detection systems and imaging screens are discussed more in detail. For the scintillation detector, the analysis of conversion of the signal to photons, their transport from emission centres to PMT photocathode, and their conversion to photoelectrons is carried out. For the imaging screen, attention is focussed on the spectral matching and spatial resolution.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Study of TEM Fluorescent Screen. 4th Multinational Congress on Electron Microscopy, Veszprem, Hungary Sep 1999, Proceedings, p.167-168.
  Úvod:
  In a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the electron image must be visualised by the observation system of the instrument. For this purpose, an imaging fluorescent screen has to be used which is capable of converting the energy of signal electrons into photons and offers the resulting image to the human eye or to a recording device. The screen provides the possibility for the location of the desired field of view, for the focussing of the lenses, and particularly for the study of the specimen. If necessary, the image from the screen is observed through a light optical magnifier.

• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Single Crystal Scintillation Detectors for LVSEM. 14th International Congress on Electron Microscopy (ICEM 14), Cancun, Mexico Aug-Sep 1998, Proceedings/Vol. 1, p.437-438.
  Úvod:
  The scintillator-photomultiplier system to detect signal electrons has, from the viewpoint of detection efficiency, not been surpassed as yet. In combination with single crystal scintillators based on yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) or yttrium aluminium perovskite (YAP), it allows achieving of a highest signal-to-noise ratio that ensures attainment of a high image resolution.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Performance of YAG:Ce Single Crystal Screens for TEM. 14th International Congress on Electron Microscopy (ICEM 14), Cancun, Mexico Aug-Sep 1998, Proceedings/Vol. 1, p.633-634.
  Úvod:
  Originally, the YAG:Ce single crystals were developed for use in scintillation detectors of scanning electron microscopes (SEM). They have been studied extensively, and nearly all properties relevant to their application as scintillators are known (the most important are shown in Table 1). Nevertheless, the YAG:Ce is also a very appropriate crystal for imaging screens because of its well defined optical properties, in particular its optical homogeneity. Moreover, the crystals can be shaped precisely, even into very small elements for forming a small image intended for further processing. However, screen materials can not be used without an analysis of the cathodoluminescent (CL) image. The best characteristic to express imaging properties (including spatial resolution) is the modulation transfer function (MTF). Finding out the MTF of the YAG:Ce single crystal screen is the topic of this work.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Cathodoluminescent Properties of Single Crystals for S(T)EM Detectors. 6th Inter. Seminar on Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Skalský Dvůr (Brno) Jun-Jul 1998, Proceedings, p.60-63.
  Úvod:
  The cathodoluminiscent (CL) emission spectrum, CL efficiency (emission intensity), and decay time are three basic scintillator parameters of a scintillation detector for a scanning electron microscope and/or a scanning transmission electron microscope - S(T)EM. They are important not only for the estimation of suitability of the single crystals application in S(T)EM but also for the physical analysis of CL. Besides the scintillator efficiency, the scintillator decay time is the decisive characteristic for a high detective quantum efficiency (DQE), and the emission spectrum is an important characteristic for the spectral matching to the photomultiplier tube (PMT).
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• Yamamoto, K.; Tanji, T.; Hibino, M.; Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Improvement of Light Collection Efficiency of Lens Coupled YAG Screen TV System for HVEM. International Symposium on Atomic level Characterizations for New Materials and Devices '97, Maui, Hawaii, USA Nov 1997, Proceedings, p.98-101.

• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.; Madea, D.: Single crystal scintillators for BSE detectors in SEM. EUREM-11, the Eleventh European Congress on Electron Microscopy (Edited and Published by the CESM, Brussels 1998), Dublin, Ireland August 1996, Proceedings/Vol. 1, p.467.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Computer optimized design of BSE scintillation detector for SEM. EUREM-11, the Eleventh European Congress on Electron Microscopy (Edited and Published by the CESM, Brussels 1998), Dublin, Ireland August 1996, Proceedings/Vol. 1, p.369.
  Úvod:
  The design of an efficient backscattered electron (BSE) scintillation detector for a scanning electron microscope (SEM) depends to a great extent on the size and the arrangement of pole pieces and the specimen holder of the SEM. Therefore, for different microscopes, different scintillator - light-guide detection systems must be constructed. However, the efficiency of these edge guided signal (EGS) scintillation detectors is very strongly shape dependent (1). Even apparently insignificant changes in the light-guide geometry can degrade the efficiency of the EGS detection system to one tenth of its optimal value. Furthermore, owing to the low symmetry of EGS detection systems, the efficiency is very hard to estimate or calculate analytically. The best way of avoiding inefficient EGS detection systems is Monte Carlo (MC) simulation optimisation method for the photon transport through the scintillator and light-guide.
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• Handlir, R.; Schauer, F.; Nespurek, S.; Kuritka, I.; Weiter, M.; Schauer, P.: Metastable States in Poly(methylphenylsilylene) Induced by UV Radiation and Electron Beam. International Conference on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Semiconductors (ICAMS 17), Budapest, Hungary Aug 1997, Proceedings, p.290.

• Autrata, R.; Hutař, O.; Schauer, P.: Low Voltage Single Crystal Backscatter Electron Detectors. Multinational Congress on Elctron Microscopy, Portorož, Slovenia Oct 1997, Proceedings, p.281-182.
  Úvod:
  High efficiency BSE detection can be carried out using solid-state detectors, microchannel-plate detectors and scintillation detectors of different geometrical configurations. At higher beam voltages, all these detectors show sufficient efficiency. Nevertheless, if the highest possible resolution or ultrahigh resolution, depending on the signal to noise ratio are to be achieved, scintillation detectors are preferred despite their complex construction.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Scintillator-Photocathode Matching in Scintillation Detector for S(T)EM. Multinational Congress on Elctron Microscopy, Portorož, Slovenia Oct 1997, Proceedings, p.293-294.
  Úvod:
  Besides the decay time, the efficiency is the most important parameter of a scintillation detector for a scanning electron microscope and/or a scanning transmission electron microscope - S(T)EM. Much attention has been paid to the examination of the energy conversion efficiency in scintillators (Autrata and Schauer 1996). The study of the efficiency of the light transport from scintillator luminescence centres through a light guide to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) has been accomplished too (Schauer and Autrata 1992). But nearly no effort has been devoted to the analysis of the scintillator-photocathode spectral matching. Such an analysis is the topic of this paper.
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• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.; Madea, D.: Single crystal scintillators for BSE detectors in SEM. 11th European Congress on Microscopy (EUREM 96), Dublin, Ireland August 1996, CD-ROM Proceedings, p..

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Computer optimized design of BSE scintillation detector for SEM. 11th European Congress on Microscopy (EUREM 96), Dublin, Ireland August 1996, CD-ROM Proceedings, p..
  Úvod:
  The design of an efficient backscattered electron (BSE) scintillation detector for a scanning electron microscope (SEM) depends to a great extent on the size and the arrangement of pole pieces and the specimen holder of the SEM. Therefore, for different microscopes, different scintillator - light-guide detection systems must be constructed. However, the efficiency of these edge guided signal (EGS) scintillation detectors is very strongly shape dependent (1). Even apparently insignificant changes in the light-guide geometry can degrade the efficiency of the EGS detection system to one tenth of its optimal value. Furthermore, owing to the low symmetry of EGS detection systems, the efficiency is very hard to estimate or calculate analytically. The best way of avoiding inefficient EGS detection systems is Monte Carlo (MC) simulation optimisation method for the photon transport through the scintillator and light-guide.
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• Hibino, M.; Ban, K.; Tanaka, S.; Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: High Resolution and High Collection Efficiency YAG Screen for Lens Coupling TV and CCD Camera. 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Electron Microscopy (APEM), Hong Kong July 1996, Proceedings, p.45-46.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Computer Designed Scintillation Detectors for SEM. 5th Seminar of Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Brno, Czech Republic June 1996, Proceedings, p.73-74.
  Úvod:
  Two different modes of scintillation detection of electrons are used in SEMs. One (basic) makes use of the Everhart-Thornley (ET) detector, i.e. a base guided signal (BGS) rotationally symmetric system, intended for the detection of secondary electrons. The other makes use of an edge guided signal (EGS) scintillation system, and it is intended for the detection of backscattered electrons. An optimum design of detectors for both detection modes depends on the proper choice of material and geometry of the scintillator and light guide, as well as on the treatment of all surfaces including boundaries. Furthermore, the detector design must comply with the space available in the microscope. Estimation and experimental verification of the properties of such a detection system are very time consuming and expensive and offer uncertain results.
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• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P; Jirak, J.; Spinka, J.: Signal Detection in SEM. 5th Seminar of Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Brno, Czech Republic June 1996, Proceedings, p.43-46.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Some Methods for Investigation of Detector Components for Electron Microscopy. 5th Seminar of Recent Trends in Charged Particle Optics and Surface Physics Instrumentation, Brno, Czech Republic June 1996, Proceedings, p.47-50.
  Úvod:
  Scintillators, light guides, photomultiplier tubes (PMT) and imaging screens are opto-electrical components used for detection systems in electron microscopy (EM). Many methods for the study of their properties were developed in our laboratory. Some of them are presented in this paper.
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• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Spatial Resolution of YAG:Ce Single Crystal CL Screens. Multinational Congress on Electron Microscopy, St. Lesna, Slovak Rep Oct 1995, Proceedings, p.115-116.

• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Behaviour of Planar and Annular YAG Single Crystal Detectors for LVSEM Operation. 13th International Congress on Electron Microscopy (ICEM 13), Paris, France July 1994, Proceedings/Vol. I, p.71-72.

• Schauer, P.; Autrata, R.: Time Response of Single Crystal Scintillation Detectors for SEM/STEM. 13th International Congress on Electron Microscopy (ICEM 13), Paris, France July 1994, Proceedings/Vol. I, p.227-228.

• Autrata, R.; Schauer, P.: Cathodoluminescent Properties of Single Crystals for Electron Microscopy. Thirteenth Pfefferkorn Conference on Luminescence, Niagara Falls, Canada May 1994, Abstract Summary, p.1.

• Schauer P., Autrata R.: Efficiency of SEM/STEM Scintillation Electron Detectors with Edge Guided Signal. Multinational Congress on Electron Microscopy, Parma, Italy Sept 1993, Proceedings, p.357-358.
  Úvod:
  Some Image modes of SEM or STEM require that the electron impact active surface of the detector of signal electrons should be fitted into a very small space, mostly symmetrically around the primary electron beam. This demand is easily fulfilled for semiconductor or channel plate detectors. However, they possess a low detective quantum efficiency and/or a high decay time, so that they are often unusable. Therefore, scintillation detectors in non-classical arrangements are applied. Here the signal must be guided through an edge of a plate scintillator1. The input end of the light guide must be narrow, to match to the edge of the scintillator, and the output end may be enlarged, according to the input window of the photomultiplier. The design of such a scintillator - light guide system with a high efficiency of the light transport is the key problem of the detector design.scintillator-photocathode spectral matching. Such an analysis is the topic of this paper.
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• Autrata R., Schauer P.: Collection of Low-Energy Signal Electrons in the Rotationally Symmetric Electrostatic Field of a Detector. Three Countries' EM Conference, BEDO 1993, Zurich, Switzerland Sept 1993, Proceedings, p..

• Schauer P., Autrata R.: Coatings of Single Crystal Scintillators for Electron Detectors in SEM. 10th European Congress on Electron Microscopy, Granada, Spain Sept 1992, Proceedings/Vol. I, p.107.

• Hibino M., Irie K., Autrata R., Schauer P.: YAG single crystals for scintillators of STEM. XIIth International Congress for Electron Microscopy, San Francisco 1990, Proceedings, p.166.

• Schauer P., Autrata R.: Vyhodnoceni optickych vlastnosti scintilacniho detektoru v SEM. 20. ceskoslovenska konference o elektronove mikroskopii, Praha 1989, s.86.

• Schauer P., Autrata R.: Influence of single crystal yttrium aluminates surfaces on their cathodoluminescent properties. 7th. Czechoslovak conference on electronics and vacuum physics, Bratislava 1985, Proceedings/Vol. 1, p.265.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jos.: Single-crystal electron detectors. 8th. European Congress on Electron Microscopy, Budapest 1984, Proceedings/Vol. I, p.617.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jos.: Monokrystalicke scintilatory pro rastrovaci elektronovy mikroskop. Dny nove techniky elektrotechnickeo vyzkumu, Praha 1983, Katalog exponatu, s.96.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Jos., Kvapil Ji.: Scintillation detector for backscattered electron imaging in SEM. Surface analysis 83, Bratislava 1983, Proceedings, p.57.

• Autrata R., Chaloupka M., Schauer P., Kvapil Jos., Kvapil Ji.: The use of single crystal scintillators for back-scattered imaging. 15 Kolloquium uber Oberflachen-abbildung und Analyse in Microbereichen, Bremen 1982, Proceedings/Vol. A, p.15.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jo.: Influence of Ce3+ and other dopants concentration in single crystals of Y3Al5O12 and YAlO3 on their cathodoluminescent properties. European meeting on crystal growth, Prague 1982, Proceedings, p.435.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Jos., Kvapil Ji.: A single crystal of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ as a scintillator in SEM and transparent screen in electron optical devices. 10th. International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Hamburg 1982, Proceedings/Vol. I, p.451.

• Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jos., Autrata R., Schauer P.: Spectral properties of oxide crystals free of iron ions. Mezdunarodnaja konferencija; Defekty v dielektriceskich kristallach, Riga 1981, Vol. 1, p.48.

• Kvapil Ji., Kvapil Jos., Manek B., Perner B., Autrata R., Schauer P.: Czochralski growth of YAG:Ce in reducing protective atmosphere. Six International Conference on Crystal Growth, Moskva 1980, Proceedings/Vol. III, p.113.

• Autrata R., Schauer P., Kvapil Jos., Kvapil Ji.: Scintilacni detektor v rastrovacim elektronovem mikroskopu. Sbornik sympozia o stavu a perspektivach scintilacnich detektoru a jejich vyuziti, Harrachov 1980, s.80.

• Autrata R., Schauer P.: Bystrij i dolgovecnyj monokristaliceskij scintiljator dlja rastrovovo elektronovo mikroskopa s avtoemissionnoj puskoj. XI. vsjesajuznaja konferencija po elektronnoj mikroskopii, Tallin 1979, 3, s.74.

• Autrata R., Schauer P.: Scintillators for use in electron microscopes. XVth Czechoslovak conference on electron microscopy, Prague 1977, Proceedings/Vol. B, p.428.

Stránka aktualizována: 9. 12. 2008, 18:19
Tuto stránku zpracoval: Petr Schauer, Petr@ISIBrno.Cz