Charge transfer between ice surfaces, of differing curvatures, in under-saturated and near-saturation environments

In collisions between frozen water surfaces, the more under-saturated charges positive

Conditions for a quasi-liquid layer disappear at contact; a new quasi liquid layer must be established about any bridging spicules

Global and regional trends in fog days are determined with the original GSOD ground station data

Deviations in the daily mean visibility timeseries are found during fog days, indicating a potential change in fog day determination

A method is constructed to remove stations with artificial trends, and the fog day trends in the remaining 1,696 are explored

Physiological and radiative effects of CO₂ both dampen the diurnal cycle of rainfall in tropical forest regions \

Physiological effect of CO₂ reduces transpiration, dries boundary layer, and raises the LCL, decreasing deep convective rainfall

Radiative effect of CO₂ reduces CAPE leading to reductions in deep convective frequency and rainfal

Using a gravity-wave-permitting general circulation model, vertical wavenumber () spectra in the whole middle atmosphere were examined

Characteristics of the model-simulated spectra of gravity waves are broadly consistent with observations

Disturbances other than gravity waves contribute substantially to the lowest part of the ∼ range

GEOS5 and CESM1 predict similar removal timescales of stratospheric smoke injected by megafires

Removal timescales of smoke with a 2% effective mass fraction of black carbon match observations

Removal timescales and plume peak heights are sensitive to injection height, loading, and mixing state

A simple analytical model for cloud area growth and decay rates is developed, with a source term driven by convective cell diabatic heating

The model works equally well for convective systems of varying duration and degrees of convective organization over both land and ocean

The model suggests that a system convective area fraction of ∼ 0.15 is needed for stratiform cloud area maintenance

A positive correlation exists between the magnitudes of size sorting signatures and convective depth

Larger size sorting magnitudes are associated with more riming growth and quicker graupel fallout

Intense convective precipitation in the PECAN MCSs seems to be dominated more by cold rain processes than warm rain processes

Precipitation δ¹⁸O over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is simulated with an AGCM implemented with water-tagging capability

South Asia and the Indian Ocean (the westerlies) contribute the most to precipitation δ¹⁸O in the southern (northern) TP

Variability of precipitation δ¹⁸O in the monsoon-controlled domain is dominated by rainout processes and moisture location changes

Ozonesonde observations in Hanoi, Vietnam, for about fourteen years since 2004 display an ozone enhancement at ∼3 km altitude in March–April

Enhanced ozone air at ∼3 km originates from burning areas west of Hanoi whereas low-ozone near-surface air is marine from the east

Model experiments show biomass fires in the Indochina Peninsula are the cause of Hanoi’s enhanced ozone

A segmentation method is developed to identify cloud objects from satellite images and to obtain cloud morphology information

Local maxima in cloud size and cold-air outbreak index and local minima in wind shear are found in cloud organization transition regime

Mean cloud horizontal aspect ratio has weak fetch dependency and is near 2 in all cloud regimes